Review of DNA and Protein Microarray for BioMEMS Technology

Review of deoxyribonucleic acid and Protein Micro host for BioMEMS applied scienceIn recent years increase in agenttically cause diseases is sensation of the major threat to mankind. approximately of the genetically ca utilise diseases argon down syndrome, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis. This review penning explains how BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem) technology utilize in microarrays and finding of gene expression which leads to medicine for contingent diseases. BioMEMS research has been acquiring importance, due to the supposition of endeavouring miniaturization to create new opportunities in medicine. BioMEMS systems in general pee more diversity of materials and usance than conventional MEMS devices. In BioMEMS ink-jet printing, photolithography proficiencys were introduced to deposit protein and deoxyribonucleic acid in array. deoxyribonucleic acid and protein micro-arrays bumd BioMEMS could be very extensively for rap id undercover work, dose discovery, and screening, especially when combined with combined micro-fluidics and sensitive detection technologies. The techniques used to fixate patterns on semiconductor surfaces were utilized to construct arrays of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. Once single strands of known point in times ( transfix investigatings) be laid at hold known sites on a chip surface, hybridization with molecules of unknown sequence ( seat trys) put forward reveal the sequence. Microarray- humbled gene expression pen discharge be used to order genes whose expression is traded in response todisease caused genetically by comparing gene expression in infected to that in uninfected cells or tissues. Protein and antibody arrays tin play a key role in search for disease- ad hoc proteins that have medical, diagnostic, prognostic, and commercial potential as disease markers or as drug targets and for determination of predisposition to detail disease via gen otypic screening. Array-based integrated chips and micro-fluidics hold a great potential for the growth of highschool-throughput approaches to systematically examine these proteins and to assign a biologic function, receive protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This paper declares ab egress varies applications of BioMEMS to detect the defective gene the causes diseases and the assemblage methods used in microarrays chip production.Keywords LOC Lab-on-a-chip, BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem), TAS (Micro Total Analysis System), Oligonucleotide, Microdroplets , Electrospray.1. IntroductionMicroarray technology has been applied to study of gene expression to study mechanisms of diseases and to accelerate the drug discovery swear out. there is a definite trend towards increase the use of molecular diagnostic methods, and biochip technologies, along with bioin coifics techniques. Classification of human disease utilise microarrays is considered to be im portant. The focus is not solely on diagnosis but in addition on disease management, including monitoring the performance of treatment and determining prognosis 1. Microarray and lab-on-a-chip systems are going to fulfill these new requirements, including the miniaturization of biological assays as well as the parallelization of analysis. Although the concept has been performed by miniaturizing the analytical equipments, the technology comes from the microeletromechanical and microelectronics industries 2. Lab-on-a-chip technology is the method of choice to integrate litigatees and reaction and scale them down from conventional glassware to microfluidics, involving micro-sized channels in glass or polymer chips 3. DNA microarray also knows as DNA chips, comprise a new technology emerging at a tremendous pace because of its power, flexibility, predisposition and relative simplicity 4. BioMEMS for proteomics can be divided into LOC device for specific tasks much(prenominal) as p rotein isolation, purification, digestion, and separation and microarray device for high throughput study of protein abundance and function. An emergence of DNA, protein microarray has emerged over the digest few years with commercial potential beyond the confines of the research laboratory 5. In this paper we start our discussion with the history of microarray subsequently we go into the details of general techniques used in DNA and protein microarray followed by fabrication and the application and future of microarray.2. History of MicroarrayMicroarray technology evolved from Southern blotting, where fragmented DNA is machine-accessible to a substratum and then probed with a known gene or fragment 6. The first describe use of this approach was the analysis of 378 arrayed lysed bacterial colonies for each maven harboring a divers(prenominal) sequence which were assayed in multiple replicas for expression of the genes in multiple normal and tumor tissue 7. These early gene arr ays were do by berthting cDNA onto filter paper with a pin-spotting device. The use of miniaturized microarray for gene expression profiling was first reported in 1995 8. This technology tolerateed scientists to analyze thousands of mribonucleic acids in a single experiment to determine whether expression is antithetic in disease state. Unfortunately, mRNA levels within a cell are oftentimes poorly cor think with actual protein abundance 9. A complete eukaryotic genome on a microarray was create in 199710. The development of biochip has a long history, starting with early work on the underlying demodulator technology. In 1953, Watson and Crick announced their discovery of now familiar double helix structure and sequencing techniques by Gilbert and Sanger in 1977 11, 12. Two additional developments enable the technology used in modern DNA-based biosensors. First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a method for amplifying DNA concentrat ion. This discovery made workable the detection of extremely weakened quantities of DNA in samples. Second, in 1986 Hood and co-workers devised a method to label DNA molecules with fluorescent tags instead of radiolables, thus enabling hybridization experiments to be observed optically 13. A big further in research and commercial interest came in the mid 1990s, when TAS (Micro Total Analysis System) technology move out to provide interesting tooling for genomics application, like capillary electrophoresis and DNA microarray 14. Immunoassays, the precursor to protein chips available since the 1980s, exploit the interactions between antibodies and antigens in order to detect their concentrations in biology sample. Their creation, however, is tedious and expensive. As to this, research at Harvard University combined the technology of immunoassays and DNA microarray to develop the protein chip 15.3. DNA Microarrays and falsehood3.1 IntroductionMicroarray analysis allows synchron al of gene and gene products, including DNA, mRNA and proteins. There are rudimentaryally two formats cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays. A cDNA microarray is an orderly arrangement of DNA probe spot printed onto a solid matrix such as glass, nylon, or silicon. The substrate is commonly less than 4-4 cm, while the spot size is less than 250m. A DNA molecular probe is tethered (embedded and immobilized) to each spot on microarray. surface modification of the substrate, such as wit poly-L-lysin or silane, facilitates adhesion of the DNA probes. Hybridization is the base pairing between target and the probe, and is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the microarray. There are three basic typefaces of oligonucleotide microarrays gene expression, genotyping (SNPs), and resquencing. Genomic DNA whitethorn be used for the study of SNPs, while expressed DNA sequence (cDNA clones, expressed sequence tags or ESTs) are used for gene expression 17.3.2 Microarrays for Gene ExpressionGene expression microarrays are tools that tell how much RNA (if any) a gene is making. Since 1977, and prior to microarray, only a few genes could be canvas at a time using the northern blot analysis. GeneChip (Fig. 1.1) microarrays use the natural chemical attraction, or hybridization, between DNA on the array and RNA target molecule from the sample based on complementary base pairs. Only RNA target molecule that have exact complementary base pair bind to the prob. Gene expression detection microarray is that they are able to measure tens of thousands of genes at a time, and it is this quantitative change in the scale of gene measurement that has led to a qualitative change in our ability to understand regulatory processes that occur at the cellular level. It is possible to obtain progress comprehensive expression data for various(prenominal) tissues or organs in various states. Compressions are possible for transcriptional activity across variant tissue, and convention of patients with and without a particular disease or with two different diseases. Microarray studies are designed in principle to right away measure the activity of the genes involved in particular mechanism or system rather than their association with a particular biological or clinical feature 18. Although genes may be thousand of base pairs long, it is only necessary to construct a probe of 25 bases that represent a unique complementary portion of the target gene. In other words, the shortsighted probe on the microarray measures the expression of the complete gene by sampling only a small section of the gene. In many instances, as little as one RNA molecule out of one hundred,000 different RNAs in an original sample may be spy 19.Sensitivity is the ability to identify the rarely expressed transcripts in a complex background. Specification is the ability to discern between different family members. The hybridization efficiency of two nucleic acid strand depends o n1) Sequence-dependent factors for length, extent of complementarity, and overall base root word2) Sequence independent factors such as the concentration of the probe and target, time, temperature, cation concentration, valency character, pH, di electric and chaotropic medica, surface characteristics of the solid, and immersion spacing of the probe molecules and3) Sample-dependent complex background signal, which are probes interacting with the wrong complementary sequence 20.Fig 1.1 GeneChip probe microarray cartridge (Image courtesy of Affmetrix)3.3 Microarray for SNPsSmall difference in a DNA sequence can have major impact on health. Deletions, insertions, and other mutations of as little as a single base pair may result in signification disease. Identification these mutations require determining the exact sequence for thousand of SNPs distributed throughout the genome. Using microarray, it is possible to scan the whole genome and look for genetic similarities among a collecti on of people who share the same disease. Using microarray to genotype 10,000 to 100,000 SNPs, it is possible to identify the gene or group of genes that contribute to disease. For example, if a large group of people with a given diagnosis have some(prenominal) SNPs in common, but not healthy people, then mutations may be looked for within those SNPs. A genotyping microarray may look for up to 100,000 SNPs or more 21.3.4 FabricationDNA spotting may be ended by depositing PCR amplified ESTs (500-5000 base pairs), or by in suit synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotide sequences (20-50 base pairs) on the substrate. There are variety of spotting techniques that imply mechanical and ink-jet style application.The GeneChip brand arrays provide high levels of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specification. The following process steps are used for fabrication of the GeneChip1) GeneChip probe array are manufacture through a combination of photolithography (Fig 1.2) and combinatorial chemistry. Wit h a calculated minimum come of synthesis steps, GeneChip technology produce array with hundreds of thousands of different probes packed at an extremely high density. Small sample volumes are required for study. Manufacture is scalable because the length of the probe, not their number, determines the number of synthesis steps required.2) Manufacturing begins with a 5-in square(p) quartz wafer. Initially the quartz is washed to ensure uniform hydroxylation across its surface. Because quarts is naturally hydroxylated, it provides an excellent substrate for the attachment of chemical, such as linker molecules, that are later used to position the probes on the arrays.Fig 1.2 Photolithographic technique are used to locate and add nucleotides for fabrication of array of probe (Image courtesy of Affymetrix)3) The wafer is placed in a bath of silane, which reacts with hydroxyl groups of quartz, and forms a matrix of covalently linked molecules. This distance between these silane determines the probes packing density, allowing array to hold over 500,000 probe location, or features, within a mere 1.28cm2. Each of these features harbors millions of identical DNA molecules. The silane film provides a uniform hydroxyl density to initiate probe assembly. Linker molecules, attached to the silane matrix, provide a surface that may be spatially activated by light (Fig 1.3).4) Probe synthesis occurs in parallel, resulting in the addition of an A, C, T or G nucleotide to multiple growing chains simulataneously. To specialise which oligonucleotide chains will receive a nucleotide in each step, photolithographic inters, carrying 18 to 20 m2 windows that corresponds to the dimensions of individual features, are placed over the coat wafer. The windows are distributed over the inter based on the want sequence each. When the UV light is shone over the mask in the first step of synthesis, the exposed linkers plow deprotected and are available for nucleotide coupling. critical to this step is the precise alignment of the mask with the wafer before each synthesis step. To ensure that this critical step is accurately completed, chrome marks on the wafer and on the mask are perfectly aligned.5) Once the desired features have been activated, a solution containing a single type of deoxynucleotide with a removable protection group is flushed over the wafers surface. The nucleotide attaches to the activated linkers, initiating the synthesis process.6) Although the process is highly efficient, some activated molecules fail to attach the new nucleotide. To prevent these outliers from bonny probes with missing nucleotides, a capping step is used to truncate them. In additional, the side chains of the nucleotides are protected to prevent the formation of branched oligonucleotides.Fig 1.3 GeneChip fabrication steps (Image courtesy Affmetrix).7) In the next synthesis step, another mask is placed over the wafer to allow the next round of deprotection and coupling. The p rocess is repeated until the probes reach their full length, usually 25 nucleotides.8) Although each position in the sequence of an oligonucleotide can be occupied by one of four nucleotides, resulting in an apparent need for 24-4, or 100, different masks per wafer, the synthesis process can be designed to significantly reduce this requirement. Algorithms that help minimize mask usage calculate how to outstrip coordinate probe growth by adjusting synthesis rates of individual probes and identifying situations when the same mask can be multiple times.9) Once the synthesis is completed, the wafer are deprotected and diced, and the resulting individual arrays are picked and packed in flowcell cartridges. Depending on the number of probe features per array, a single wafer can yield between 49 and 400 arrays.10) The manufacturing process ends with a comprehensive series of quality control tests. Additional, a sampling of array from every wafer is used to test the batch by running contro l hybridizations. A quantitative test of hybridization is also performed using standardized control probes 22.3.5 Microarray Data AnalysisData filtration is performed by selecting threshold pixel garishness and 2-, 5-, or 10- fold difference between the samples. Different genes with an identical visibility may represent a coordinate response to a stimulus. Genes with opposite profiles may represent repression. To compare expression profiles it is necessary to particularize a set of metrics, or operations that return a value that is proportional in some way to the similarities or difference between two expression profiles. The most commonly used metrics are Euclidean distance and Pearson coefficient of correlation 23.3.5.1 Euclidean DistanceTwo or more profile of each of two genes are compared as a mathematical matrix operation of n-dimensional set, where n is the number of expression patterns available. The Euclidean distance is the square root of the summation of the difference between all pairs of like values. For two genes the distance is as followsWhered is the distance,e1 is the expression pattern of gene1,e2 is the expression pattern of gene 2, andi is the element of the expression profileGene1 (e11, e12, ., e1n) and gene1 (e21, e22, .,e2n).3.5.2 Pearson Correlation CoefficientThe Pearson correlation coefficient (r) gives a value of from -1 to 1, and closer to 1 (negative and collateral correlation, respectively). The closer two profiles have the same expression, the closer the value will be to 1Where and Sen are the mean and typical deviation of all of the point of the nth profile, respectively.4. Protein Microarray and Fabrication4.1 IntroductionProtein microarrays are becoming an important tool in proteomics, drug discovery programs, and diagnostics 24. The add together of information obtained from small quantities of biological samples is significantly increased in the microarray format. This feature is extremely valuable in protein profiling, where samples are often limited in supply and unlike DNA, cannot be amplified 25. Protein microarrays are more challenging to prepare than are DNA chips 26 because several technical hurdles hamper their application. The surfaces typically used with DNA are not tardily adaptable to proteins, owing to the biophysical differences between the two classes of bioanalytes 27. Arrayed protein must(prenominal) be immobilized in a autochthonal conformation to maintain their biological function. Unfortunately, proteins tend to unfold when immobilized onto a support so as to allow internal hydrophobic side chains to from hydrophobic bonds with the solid surface 28. Surface chemistry, capture agents, and detection methods take on special significance in developing microarrays. Microarrays consist of microscopic target descry, woodworking plane substrates, rows and columns of elements, and probe molecules in solution. Each protein assessed by a microarray should be the same as the partial c oncentration of each protein in the biological extract 29. The past ten years have witnessed a entrancing growth in the field of large-scale and high-throughput biology, resulting in a new era of technology development and the collection and analysis of information. The challenges ahead are to elucidate the function of every encoded gene and protein in an existence and to understand the basic cellular events mediating complex processes and those causing diseases 30-33. Protein are more challenging to prepare for the microarray format than DNA, and protein functionality is often dependent on the state of proteins, such as post-translational modification, partnership with other proteins, protein subcellular localization, and reversible covalent modification (e.g. phosphorylation). Nonetheless, in recent years there have been considerable achievements in preparing microarray containing over 100 proteins and even an entire proteome 34-36. Randox Laboratories Ltd. Launched Evidence, th e first protein Biochip Array Technology analyzer in 2003. In protein Biochip Array Technology, the biochip replaces the enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) plate or cuvette as the reaction platform. The biochip is used to simultaneously analyze a panel of related tests in a single sample, producing a patient profile. The patient profile can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, monitoring disease progression or monitoring treatment (wiki Biochip). Protein expression profiling, protein-protein binding, drug interaction, protein folding, substrate specificity, enzymatic activity, and the interaction between protein and nucleic acids are among the application of protein microarrays.Abundance-based microarray, including capture microarray and reverse-phase protein blots, measure the abundance of specific biomolecules using well defined and high specific analyte-specific reagents (ASRs). Different classes of molecules can act as capture mol ecules in microarray assays, including antigen-antibody, protein -protein, aptamer-ligand, enzyme-substrate, and receptor-ligand 37.4.2 SpottingIn situ synthesis of protein microarrays as done for DNA microarrays is impractical. Other forms of delivery-based technology must be incorporated. adept-drop-at-a-time (microspotting) techniques including use of pins, quills or hollow needles that repeatedly touch the substrate surface depositing one spot after the next in an array format shooting microdroplets from a ejector similar to ink-jet printing and depositing charged submicron-sized droplets by electrospray deposition (ESD). Alternatively, parallel techniques such as micro jot printing (CP), digital ESD, and photolithographic controlled protein surface assimilation can be used. Currently, micospotting by robotic techniques has greater use in the research setting, whereas parallel techniques offer toll saving for mass production for commercial use 38.4.3 Microcontact printing (CP )In microcontact printing stamps are typically made from a silicon elastomer and used to make a microarray of vagrant with feature size from 0.01 to 0.1m. travel for stamping include the following 381) Activation of the stamp surface to increase hydrophilicity or to introduce grups for inking to target molecules such as antibodies, protein A, or streptavidin.2) Direct adsorption of protein molecules or their binding to capture molecules over a period of 0.5-1 hours.3) Rinsing.4) Drying in a nitrogen stream for about a minute.5) Pressing the stamp against a fitting substrate for about a minute to allow transfer of the semi modify materials.Disadvantages include poor control of the amount of materials transferred, small amount of deposited materials, and possible changes in protein function. Microarrays containing up three different proteins were fabricated by CP technique and tested as a detection system for specific antibodies 39. Immunoassay were successfully performed using the copy protein microarrays, and were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and scanning- probe microscopy. The characterization revealed the quality of the protein deposition and indicated a high degree of selectivity for the targeted antigen-antibody interaction.4.3 Electrospray Deposition (ESD)The basic physics underlying the newly emerging technique of electrospray deposition (ESD) as applied to biological macromolecules. Fabrication of protein films and microarrays are considered as the most important applications of this technology. All the major stages in the ESD process (solution electrification, formation of a cloud of charged microdroplets, transformation of microdroplets into ions and charged clusters, deposition, and neutralization) are discussed to reveal the physical processes involved, such as space charge effects, dissipation of energy upon landing and neutralization mechanisms 40. In electrospray deposition, protein is transferred from the glass capillary positione d 130-350 m in a higher place a conducting surface. Micro-sized charged droplets move in an electric field created by the difference in electric field potential between the tip and the substrate surface and by the spatial charge of the droplet cloud. The electrostatic repulsion expands the cloud, and microdroplets are deposited as a round spot. The spot density is greater at the fondness 38.Two new techniques were recently developed in these laboratories for fabrication of protein microarrays electrospray deposition of dry proteins and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface. Here we apply these techniques to simultaneously fabricate 1200 identical microarrays. Each microarray, 0.6 - 0.6 mm2 in size, consists of 28 different protein antigens and allergens deposited as spots, 3040 m in diameter. Electrospray deposition (ESD) of dry protein and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface has been studied from fabri cation of microarrays. Electrospray (ES) deposition has been applied to fabricate protein microarrays for immunochemical assay. Protein antigens were deposited as arrays of dry spots on a surface of aluminized plastic. Deposition was performed from water solutions containing a 10-fold (w/w of dry protein) excess of sucrose. Upon contact with humid air, the spots turn into microdroplets of sucrose/protein solution from which proteins were either adsorbed or covalently linked to clean or modified aluminum surfaces. It was found that covalent binding of antigens via aldehyde groups of oxidized branched dextran followed by reduction of the Schiff bonds gives the highest sensitivity and the lowest background in microarray-based ELISA, as compared to other tested methods of antigen immobilization 41.Protein microarray with an antibody-based protein array for high-throughput immunoassay, with an ESD method using a quartz mask with holes made by an abrasive jet technique, has been performed . An antibody solution was electrosprayed onto an ITO glass, and then antibodies were deposited and cross-linked with a vapor of glutaraldehyde. The dimeters of the spots were approximately 150 m. The arrays were then incubated with corresponding target antigenic molecules and washed. The captured antigens were collectively spy by fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The signals were quantitatively visualized with a high-resolution CCD 42.4.4 Surface immobilizationIn many proteomics applications, one is interested in the facile and covalent immobilization of protein molecules without the use of any special tag or chemical modification. This is most conveniently achieved via chemical reactivity towards the commonly available -NH2 groups on the surface of protein molecules. One of the most efficient leaving groups towards -NH2 is N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) attached via an ester bond. We have developed an NHS surface based on the vigor background PEG coating. It allows for fast immobi lization reactions with the remaining NHS groups easily washed off to expose the zipper background PEG coating (Fig 1.4). In subsequent assays, the PEG functionality ensures that binding of particular molecules to the surface is only through the specific interaction with the immobilized protein molecule and the commonly seen background problem is solved without the need of a blocking step.Fig 1.4 NHS activated surfaces for the immobilization of proteins, peptides, antibodies (Image courtesy ZeroBkg )Peptide and protein microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides (Fig 1.5) Nanoliter droplets of peptide (21 amino-acids) or protein (fibrinogen) solution containing 10% glycerol are deposited on the glass slide with a robotic arrayer and incubated for 10 minutes. NHS-groups in remaining area are removed by a deactivating buffer for 30 minutes at room temperature. The immobilized peptide or protein on the surface is detected by incubation with the primary antibody specifically agains t the peptide or fibrinogen, followed by wash and incubation with cy3-conjugated back upary antibody. The glass slides are imaged on a laser scanner. The most important result is the exceptionally low background due to the PEG coating. While the NHS/PEG coated glass slides are ideal for protein, peptide, and antibody arrays, they are also useful as low background surfaces for other microarrays, such as oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, and other small molecules. The non-fouling property of the high density PEG coating becomes critically important when one uses such an array for the study of complex biological samples, such as plasma or serum. In order to detect molecules of low abundance, such as cancer biomarkers, one necessitate to minimize non-specific adsorption of other abundant biomolecules 43.Fig 1.5 Fluorescence images of peptide (left) and protein (Fibrinogen, right) microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides and detected by immunostaining. The diameter of each spot i s 100 m (Image courtesy ZeroBkg ).4.5 Self-assembling Protein MicroarraysMolecular fabrication of SAMS depends on chemical complementarily and structural compatibility, both of which confer the weak and noncovalent interaction that bind building blocks together during self-assembly. Water-mediated henry bonds are important for living system. In nature the assembly of peptide and proteins has yielded collagen, keratin, pearl, shell, coral and calcite microlenses, and optical waveguides 44. The application of self-assembly techniques in the design of biocompatible protein microarray surfaces, immobilizing cells, and lipid layers, and spotting techniques has been reviewed by others 45-46.4.6 Detection StrategiesDetection and readout of complex formation in each spot is performed with fluorescence, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, radioactivity, or electrochemistry. Label-free methods include mass spectrometry and SPR. Labeled probe methods include use of a chromogen, fluorophor, or a radioactive isotope. Direct strategies use a labeled antibody to directly bind to the target molecule immobilized on the substrate. Amplification strategies based on avidin-biotin binding enhance sensitivity. validatory strategies use an immobilized antibody for capturing labeled, specific molecules from the sample. Sandwich assay as noted earlier require two apparent antibodies foe detection of a capture molecule. The first antibody is immobilized on the substratum, and serves to capture the molecule of interest. A second labeled antibody then binds to the first complex allowing detection 47.5. Application of MicroarrayEver since the first 1000 probe DNA microarray was reported over a decade ago 48, great strides have been made in both quantitative and qualitative applications. Today, a standard DNA chip contains up to 6.5 million spots and can encompass entire eukaryotic genomes. A plethora of alternative applications are continually reported, albeit at various stages of ma turity. What was once seen solely as a transcript profiling technology has now emerged as a reliable format for genotyping, splice variant analysis, exon identification, ChIP-on-chip, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), resequencing, gene synthesis, RNA/RNAi synthesis and onchip translation 49. Perhaps the most exciting recent developments from a drug discovery survey come from the integration of diverse technological innovations into microarray-based solutions, especially for other classes of molecular entity. From small molecules (e.g. metabolites, nucleotides, amino acids, sugars) to oligomeric and polymeric derivatives thereof, microarrays are now allowing us to examine the intra-class (e.g. protein-protein) and inter-class (e.g. protein small molecule) interactions of these bio-system components on a systems-wide level. Yet, despite the appearance of a diversity of microarray types (e.g. Small Molecule Microarrays (SMMs) 51, Protein-Nucleic acid (PNA) microarrays 52, Glyc o-chips 53, peptide chips 54, antibody chips 55, cell and tissue microarrays 56), each differs in their relative percentage to the Voltaire challenge. Certainly the foremost of such opportunities are thos

Breach of Contract Example

Breach of Contract interpreterThe purchase and exchange agreement signed on August initiatory 2014, between Insurance terminal figure Limited (Depot) and Mr. Sanford (Sanford), is a levelheadedly stick skip. As a result, Depot exit be able to in effect enforce its contract with Sanford by taking sound action. Depots contract with Sanford satisfies the needful elements of consideration, consensus, intention, effectiveity, and capacityConsensusThere was a written agreement that was signed by both parties. This is proof of an offer and signed acceptance.ConsiderationSanford sold his clientele for $1.4 million to Depot this is an exchange.IntentIntention is presumed in commercial legal proceeding such as the sale or purchase of a duty. electrical condenser and legalityThere is no evidence to suggest that either troupe lacked capacity, and both were represented by legal counsel. There were no signs of illegality in the contract.Because the contract satisfies all major elemen ts outlined above, it is enforceable under the rules of contract law.What will be the likely result if they go to trial?If they go to trial, Depot must successfully demonstrate that Sanford breached at least one of the provisions of the contract. The contract outlines one major restrictive covenant a non-competition article. In this case, Depot can sue Sanford for breaching the non-competition provision of the purchase and sale agreement.The non-competition clause is legally enforceable as it is reasonable, and it does non contradict state-supported policy. The clause is also clear and unambiguous. It is specific as it de nones the clip pen of five years and geographical range of one hundred kilometres that nix Sanford from engaging in the business organization of insurance brokerage. In order for the clause to be enforceable, these constraints need to be considered reasonable. The geographic and age-based restrictions are assumed to be reasonable in this case.Sanford viola ted the non-competition clause by opening his impertinently insurance brokerage only two blocks away from Depot. Sanfords breach of the non-competition clause effectively gives Depot the right to claim damages. In order to be entitled to a remedy, Depot must prove in a court of law that Sanfords breach of contract adversely affected Depots business profits. Depot could then be awarded fiscal compensation (pecuniary damages) for the lost likely business. In addition, Depot may also be entitled to the trustworthy remedy of an injunction on Sanfords new business. This would mean Sanford would have go bad business operations until the five-year time span has elapsed, allowing Depot to establish itself as a major industry player in the area.In monetary value of solicitation, Sanford did non actively solicit customers these customers chose to switch to Sanfords new firm at their own will. If the contract did include a non-solicitation clause, Depot would likely be unsuccessful in t aking legal action with regards to it. Depot should snap its legal efforts solely on the breach of the non-competition clause.Should Depot sue with celebrate to the over argumentation of accounts receivable?Although there was an overstatement of the accounts receivable on Sanfords monetary statements, Depot should not sue for this misrepresentation. This is because Sanford innocently miscalculated the accounts receivable figures it was not through with(p) in a fraudulent or negligent manner. While the statement was a misrepresentation given the particular that it was false, unambiguous, concerned with a fact, and material, it does not fully satisfy all of elements of actionable misrepresentation. As a result, Depot should not sue.In the case of innocent misrepresentation, the result is the remedy of rescission. This authority that the contract would be cancelled, and both parties would return to their pre-contractual ownership positions. This is likely not in Depots best inter est, as they have already owned the business for two years, and have thus invested a significant amount of time and capital into the businesss development. Moreover, Depot has known about this error since approximately January 2015, and did not act upon it immediately. This reduces the likelihood of the remedy of rescission. Due to the innocent nature of the misrepresentation, and the fact that the only outcome is rescission, Depot should not pursue any legal remedy with regards to the misstated accounts receivable.What should Depot do?For the reasons outlined above, Depot should sue Sanford for breaching their contract, specifically the non-competition clause of it. The company is very likely to win a legal dispute against Sanford, and runs the risk of losing even more(prenominal) business to Sanford if they choose to bear on passive.Going forward, Depot should hire a lawyer to represent them, and to catch precedent cases in order to evaluate the most appropriate hunt of legal action. Depot should also consider whether or not the financial compensation that may be awarded in a lawsuit will outweigh the direct and indirect costs involved in a lawsuit. Legal action is most likely worth Depots time and money in this case, as an injunction on Sanford would allow them to establish themselves in the insurance industry and create customer relationships without Sanfords competition for the remaining time frame of the covenant. In order to avoid losing more customers to Sanford, who has many connections and more experience in the local competitive landscape, Depot should pursue legal action immediately.

The Importance Of Core Communication Skills Social Work Essay

The Importance Of Core Communication Skills cordial Work Essay agree to Nelson (1980) genial work was one of the set-back professions to recognise the importance of chats skills and the link to effective employment. Communication skills lavatory be essential to the task of measure outment, audienceing and later closing making for genial consumption players. In practice, confabulation tends to be defined primarily as The communicatory and non literal exchange of information, including all the ways in which dwellledge is contagious and received (Barker, 2003 83 in Trevithick, 2005, p 116). The latter elements of parley, which dejection lots translate the feelingal content of the communication, atomic number 18 also referred to as inter private skills. According to Thompson (2002) favorable workers use such skills to communicate ethically tenuous practice (p.307). The purpose of this essay is to highlight the role and importance of literal and non verbal communic ation skills complex in friendly work practice.According to Koprowska (2008) communication is both inter brisk and context related. Therefore, careful consideration demand to be taken when communicating. There may be several barriers obscure in communication, such as authority language ability temper gender age and class (Thompson, 2009). True communication nominate all be achieved if the barriers are identified and removed. This can be attained by the practice of an anti oppressive and anti discriminatory approach to communication on the part of the kindly worker.Verbal CommunicationIn practice good communication skills, practically listening and interview skills, are of import for establishing efficient and respectful relationships with service users and lie at the heart of trump out practice in social work (Trevithick, 2005, p116). Social workers must border several skills while assessing or interviewing a client. Verbal communication is a key skill in social work pr actice and refers to slip to face interactions and involves the impact of the actual words we use in discourse (Thompson, 2009, p100). It is importance for social workers to be sensitive of how and what they say in received accompaniments for example, in regards to the issue of schematicity. If the social worker does not access the situation correctly they may be conceived as cosmos too formal or informal and thus will inevitable create barriers. Further, many service users tend to come from vulnerable sections of society. It is possible that their involvement with social workers may invoke feelings of shame or fear. It is likely that this will accordingly leave them vulnerable to feeling misunderstood and not listened to. It is in that locationfore unsounded that social workers treat each client as an individual and assess their situation as a unique case. In order to spend a penny a good relationship with each client the social worker must demolish any place or untrust ing issues that may be symbolize. This power may be either perceived or real in certain situations. For that reason, congruence plays an historic role during the interview process. It may not be completely possible to eradicate the power imbalance but it is a key skill to be aware of the need to achieve congruence. This can be active by utilize the appropriate language so that the client can fully agnize and be listened to. It is through such skills that social workers can convey sure warmth, respect and non-judgement for the service user. Indeed, verbal communication skills also play a study role when working with other colleagues and professions, and are essential for decision making and assessments (Cournoyer, 1991).Non Verbal CommunicationNon verbal communication is a major component for interpersonal skill repertoire and includes posture, facial nerve expression, proxemics, eye contact, and personal appearance (Kadushin and Kadushin, 1997, in Trevithick, 2005, p120), and it can support or contradict verbal communication. The importance of non-verbal communication is not a new concept in the social work field, in an article by DiMatteo, Hays, and Prince (1986) maintained that there are two dimensions of nonverbal communication, firstly decipher or esthesia and secondly encoding or expressiveness. According to DiMatteo et al nonverbal decoding refers to the mental ability to understand the emotions conveyed through others nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, body movements, and voice tone. Nonverbal encoding refers to the capacity to express emotion through nonverbal cues (p 582).For example, much of the rationality of non verbal communication can be gathered through using observation skills. Observation skills can be vital for social workers interviewing a client. According to Kadushin and Kadushin (1997) there are five one thousand distinctly different hand gestures and one thousand different steady body postures so precise observation of non-verbal behaviour is important(P 315). The client may tell the social worker they are heading fine and dont need any help but by notice their facial expression or lack of eye contact they may contradict this. Sheldon stresses that social workers must be aware of their own capacity for self-observation, although always somewhat limited, provides us with an opportunity to analyse our own role and impact. (Sheldon 1995 132-3 in Trevithick, 2005, p123).Active listeningResearch has verified listening as the most utilized form of communication. If frequency is a measure of importance, and so listening easily qualifies as the most prominent kind of communication (Adler Rodman, 1997, p. 283). Listening may appear to be straightforward but active listening skills need to be learned, practised in training, developed and review for effective use in real situations. Active listening describes a special and demanding alertness on the part of the social worker involved in interviewing a client. For Egan, active listening is about being present psychologically, socially and emotionally, not just physically (Trevithick 2005,p.123). By using skills such as paraphrasing, reflective questioning and open and closed questioning the social worker can convey full interest and understanding to a vulnerable client.Self awarenessThe concept of self-awareness is important in social work interviewing. Burnard (1992) defines self awareness as the process of getting to know your feelings, attitudes and values (in Thompson, 2009, p.3). A key aspect of self awareness is being aware how we may be perceived by others. In regards to interviewing the social worker may believe they are being laid back, even so for the client it may be conceived as being uncaring. Supervision is thusly an important tool to gain feedback and explored any issues. Further importance of self awareness included understanding how possible external factors may scratch social workers. Social workers need to a ware of concepts such as transference, triggers and sieve spots during interviewing process. Thompson stressed that the worker can be affected by a situation without knowing. Therefore, the use of self is extremely important.EmpathyEmpathy is another important communication skills involved in social work interviewing. This skill involves understanding or appreciating the feelings of others, but without necessarily experiencing them (Thompson 2009, p111). Social workers must show sensitivity and respect to the feelings of the client. There is however a difference between generosity and empathy. Therefore there is a fundamental skill to achieving empathy not however expressing sympathy.It is clear from the above information that the failure to achieve efficient communication between the social worker and client can lead to overserious consequences. Poor communication can contributed to the harm and inadequate care clients. For example, in recent times such failures of communicatio n among a range of professionals beget been highlighted in the public inquiries into the death of several children known to be in the care of social services.(rewrite)Personal Learning

Analysing The Grameen Bank Of Bangladesh Economics Essay

Analysing The Grameen till Of Bangladesh Economics EssayGrameen Bank (GB) is clapperclawed the aver of pathetic lot in Bangladesh. It has been established for the welf ar of the unretentive garbtlement race of Bangladesh, which becomes a role model of the sphere of micro point of reference lodgeing system. At the beginnings of Microcredit, Dr. Muhammed Yunus who is an economist educated in the United States of America, although lineally from Bangladesh, introduced the world to the notion of micro-credit in the 1970s.Counts (1996) said that Muhammed Yunus talked with the forgetful village sight and let loose that general local bank never shows worry to add add to poor people and does not lend them and they had to borrow money from unconscionable moneylenders with high interest rates. As a result, they ended up more-or-less for good in debt and any money they made went to pay the interest on these high-interest loans. Yunus became conscious at that moment that the poor problems were in some ship scum bagal no different from anyone else utter interest credit was a fate of life.Definition of Micro Credit Auwal (1996)An extremely dwarfish loan disposed to impoverished people to help them become self employed. Also cognise as micro lending. This small loans extension (microloans) to those in poverty intentional to spur entrepreneurship. These loans especially given to a poor person to modify him or herself to become self employed. Financial services loaned a small amounts of money usually around $50-$150 to poor people as a capital of a small business to start or extend it. The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has become a model of triumphful micro loan provider.Principles of MicrocreditGeneral financing or credit.It emphasizes building ability of a micro-entrepreneur.Employment generation.Trust building.Socioeconomic breeding.Help the micro entrepreneur on during rugged.Advantage of Microcredit Soeama (2004)Source and fol moo of funding In order for the Microfinance first appearances to loan they need funding too and a stable microfinance institution might develop a competitive advantage of low cost of monetary resource which enables it to provide finance at low cost.Infra social structure set upMicrofinance companies must have a required net piss and foundation to deliver these services. The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh creates and implements this structure in unpolished village ara. forecastMFIs are many times criticized as money squeezing machines which accusation very high cost. Which is not necessarily true considering their cost of funds and risks moreover they have to be sustainable. So here I see having a good name, image and Top management team helps a lot.Disadvantages of Micro CreditAlthough microcredits are the keystone in terms of development in poor countries, it can also have its difficult. Indeed, the disadvantages of microcredits are slightly microcredit institutions are often unpredictable .Refunding problems.Budget depends on subsidises from the government or NGOs. chassis 1 flow Microcredit Network of Grameen BankHistory of Grameen BankThe move over of Grameen Bank Muhammad Yunus open up the idea of micro-creditminuscule loans to the very poor. The bank shortly lends more than $500 million a year with a quittance rate of better than 97 percent. Its Group Savings Funds have assets of $186 million. Grameen Bank operates 1,100 branches in half of Bangladeshs nearly 80,000 villages. The program has been successfully replicated in dozens of countries, including the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, South Africa, and Bolivia. It has also been applied to inner city and country-style poverty in rich nations in North America and Europe.The origin of Grameen Bank can be traced back to 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, Head of the rural Economics Program at the University of Chittagong, launched an action research project to dissect the possibility of designing a credit delivery system to provide banking services headed at the rural poor. The Grameen Bank Project (Grameen means rural or village in Bangla language) came into operation with the following objectivesExtend banking facilities to poor men and women.Eliminate the exploitation of the poor by money lenders. act upon into being opportunities for self-employment for the vast multitude of unemployed people in rural Bangladesh. act as the disadvantaged, mostly the women from the poorest households, within the fold of an organizational format which they can gain and manage by themselves.Reverse the age-old vicious circle of low income, low saving low investment, into virtuous circle of low income, shot of credit, investment, more income, more savings, more investment, more income.The action research show its strength in Jobra (a village adjacent to Chittagong University) and some of the neighboring villages during 1976-1979. With the sponsorship of the profound bank of the country and suppo rt of the nationalized commercial banks, the project was extended to Tangail soil (a district north of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh) in 1979. With the success in Tangail, the project was extended to several other districts in the country. In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was transformed into an independent bank by government legislation. at once Grameen Bank is possessed by the rural poor whom it serves. Borrowers of the Bank own 90% of its look ats, while the remaining 10% is owned by the government.Current structure of Grameen BankGrameen Bank allowed to operate branches in urban areas. anterior they could open branches only in the rural areas.Government s take hold excuse down from 25% to 15%. Note that when the Bank started, Government had a stake of 60%.Number of Government nominated directors brought down to 2 from 3.Chairman of the bank go forth be appointed by the calling card instead of Government nomination which existed until now.Fig 2 Current str ucture of Grameen Bank.Aims and Objectives of Grameen bankThe Grameen Bank believes that the best modality for participants to learn about how the bank works, is through first hand expo sure enough and observations at the sphere level. by these experiences, participants are encouraged to draw their own conclusions about the effectiveness of Grameen Banks work and the impact it has on the poorest of the poor. The objectives of GBs training programs are toArouse curiosity.Stimulate interest on the subject of Micro financing.Encourage responsibility of self-motivated learning.Learn and share with others.Discover individual role in the organization and the world(prenominal) community.Methods of developmentThe Grameen Banks Method of action can be illustrated by the following principles write down with the problem rather than the solution.Adopt a progressive attitude.Make sure that the credit system serves the poor, and not vice-versa.Establish priorities for action vis-a-vis to the t he target population.Lean on solidarity groups.Establish priorities for action vis-a-vis to the target population. associate savings with credit without it being necessarily a prerequisite.Do everything practicable to ensure the systems financial balance.Invest in human resources.There are 16 decisions and 10 indicators in Grameen Bank policy to grow it up. These areDecisions Follow the four principles of Grameen Bank- Discipline, Unity, Courage and Hard work.Bring prosperity to the families. take on towards to construct new houses.Grow vegetables all the year round.During the determineation seasons plant as many seedlings as possible.Plan to keep families small which will help to minimize expenditures easy to look after every bodys health. leave behind education to the children and ensure that they can earn to pay for their education.Keep the milieu clean.Build and use pit-latrines.Arrange safe drinking pissing from tubewells and fag water or use alum when needed.Do not take a ny fortune at our sons weddings, neither shall give any dowry at any ones daughters wedding.No body inflict any inequity on anyone.Will do more collectively undertake bigger investments for higher incomes.Always be ready to help each other. If anyone is in difficulty, all help him or her.Come to know of any give of discipline in any centre, go there and help make discipline.Take part in all social activities collectively.IndicatorsGrameen Bank does ply evaluation of their work every year and check whether the socio-economic situation of GB members is improving. GB evaluates poverty level of the borrowers using ten indicators.A member is considered to have moved out of poverty if her family fulfils the following criteriaThe family lives in a house worth at least Tk. 25,000 (twenty five thousand) or a house with a tin roof, and each member of the family is able to balance on bed instead of on the floor.Family members drink pure water of tube-wells, boiled water or water purified by using alum, arsenic-free, cleansing tablets or pitcher filters.All children in the family over six eld of age are all going to school or entire primary school.Minimum weekly loan instalment of the borrower is Tk. 200 or more.Family uses sanitary latrine.Family members have adequate clothing for every twenty-four hours use, firm clothing for winter, such as shawls, sweaters, blankets, etc, and mosquito-nets to protect themselves from mosquitoes.Family has sources of additional income, such as vegetable garden, fruit-bearing trees, etc, so that they are able to fall back on these sources of income when they need additional money.The borrower maintains an average annual balance of Tk. 5,000 in her savings accounts.Family experiences no difficulty in having three square meals a day throughout the year, i.e. no member of the family goes hungry any time of the year.Family can take care of the health. If any member of the family falls ill, family can chip in to take all necessary steps to seek adequate healthcare.PESTEL epitomeThere Wahid (1999) are many factors which are displaceing the work act upon and decision making of GB. Tax salmagundis, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes are all examples. To analyse these factors we can categorise them by using the PESTEL analysis. This classification distinguishes betweenPoliticalThe political determine of Bangladesh is not stable. The opposite part of government never helps their government the right way to the welfare of the country. As a result work strike is happening, which affect the working progress of GB.EconomicalBangladesh is a developing country. Most of the villagers are considering as poor. Lone interest rate, tax, unemployment, inflation has effect to any business. fundamentally unemployment and low national income are the main problem, that why GB arduous to motivate people to become self employed. Though Bangladesh is a poor economic country grameen ba nk faced this crisis to move forward their journey. heartyIn Bangladesh peoples average age is 60 years. A large frame of populations of the country are aged and have no activity in the economy. Grameen Bank also working with the working attitude to change it that people can find interest in different job activities. technologicalGrameen Phone is another sister organisation of Grameen bank in Bangladesh. Muhammed Yunus bring the technology to the poor village people and give them an opportunity of knell business by doing cheap rate mobile phone call all over the world.environmentalDifferent environmental issues like global worming have fill in Bangladesh. Grameen bank motivate people to concern about it and also the human health by providing the easy way to make sanitary latrines, pure drinking water which is arsenic free. goodIn their different development program Grameen Bank teach people about their legal rights and law, that people can get more familiarity about their and ot hers rights.SWOT Analysis of Grameen BankStrengthVillage people are the main resource.Trust between bank and customer.Loan with low interest for poor people.Modern technology.WeaknessLoan return is difficult sometime.Cant give big amount of loan to the poor people. old face the staff unhappiness.OpportunitiesGrameen bank a role model for the world. So this bank could expand all over the world.More job field can be created inside and outside of the country.ThreatsPolitical instability.Economic inflation.Environmental threats. e.g. cyclone.ConclusionGrameen Bank is not only for Bangladesh but also a role model for other organisations all over the world. The village poor life style already has been changed by the different activities of this bank. In Bangladesh it has been success in finance and human health sectors. Australia, USA and some African country are trying to follow the Grameen bank.

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs

Public Awareness of Stroke Risk Factors and Warning Signs innovationStroke is defined as a sudden neurological shortage cause by impairment in perfusion to the brain (M. Bornstein, N 2009). The WHO estimates that by course of instruction 2030, 80% of all blastoffs provide occur in low and mettle income countries and high quality of wellness statistics are essential for planning and implementing health policy in all countries.Of all neurological unsoundnesss, shock is the near preven duck. The need to increase unexclusive consciousness of stroke stake factors and word of advice fall guys has been place as critical to addressing the large gaps in knowledge. An important verbal expression of upward(a) cause of stroke was to prevent strokes from occurring in the first place, by increasing populace awareness of the risk of infection factors (Britain, G 2009). Act F.A.S.T(face, arm, speech, time) melt was laughed and organized by MOH in most of the countries and which ha s been effective in improving the publics deferred payment of the symptoms of stroke . thither are a lot of queryes had been done to know the effectiveness of campaign and programs. This paper exit revaluation ii articles to quiz the stroke awareness and risk factors in general nation.MethodsTwo articles were chosen from Bio Med commutation, using key words of stroke, awareness, risk factors, exemplification signs. The criteria were established with articles of info collection strategies, identification of the main pick out, practiced text and up to date published in amid 2007 to 2008. abstractionistThe abstract is a brief description of the examine placed at the beginning of the article about 100 to 150 words and it allows readers to prize whether to read the in full articles of the report (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010). both(prenominal) articles illustrate background knowledge objective, method, results and conclusions in one paragraph distinctly and concise, w hich stimulates the reader to read full articles. In (W Wahab, K. et al. 2008) article, germ conducted the cross subdivisional study of force to aim one risk factor of stroke warning sign at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital in southern Nigeria whereas in (Hickey, A. et al. 2009) article, detect lack of public awareness about stroke warning signs and risk factors which contribute to reducing mortality and morbidity from stroke.Introduction/Research problems undefeated fundraising professionals reveal that only 10 percent of their time is actually spent soliciting major gifts whereas the other 90 percent is spent look intoing prospects and developing strategies. For that contend, it is super important for an organization to allocate resources to establish a prospect search program (Ciconte, B. and Jacob, J 2009).(BASTABLE, S. B. 2006) said an creation should provide the reader with an understanding of how the study fits into what is already kn admit about the research to pic and provides a justification as why this particular piece of research is important. Central phenomena, concepts, the study purpose, the hypotheses (POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T. 2010) were briefly exposit in these two articles.In Hickey, A. et al. (2009) article, the causality has discussed needs of increase public awareness of stroke risk factors and warning signs in older adults, at higher risk for stroke with applicable references and the study was conducted across two jurisdictions the republic of Ireland and northern Ireland.In (W Wahab, K. et al2008) article, author has discussed due to the spite of high case fatality rate from stroke in Nigeria, the study was intentional to assess the knowledge of warning signs in affected roles with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both conditions that are modifiable risk factors for stroke.Research headland two articles have been introduced in a general look at the end of the introduction, it is worth restating it before the metho ds section to refocus the readers attention though there is no actual research point is posted nor hypothesis.Literature review(Gliner, J. and Morgan, G 2000) explained that in most journals, the introduction and literature review are together in one section which is untitled in APA format, but some journals will separate these two titles. As can see, there are no subtitles of literature review in these two articles. til now, the reader felt that both articles apply patriarchal sources briefly summarize the existing knowledge, which provided a state of evidence and unhurt basic. Some of the studies mentioned in the literature review for both articles were consider up to date as the oldest reference is dated as 1998.Research startBoth articles, study were conducted using questionnaire by interviewers. In Anne article mentioned the reason why this approach was adopted.(POLIT, D. F., BECK, C. T 2010) stated that quantitative researchers use some(prenominal) criteria to assess t he quality of a study, referred to as its scientific merit. Quantitative research is identified with traditional scientific method that gathers data objectively in an organized, systematic, controlled manner so that the determinations can be generalized to other situations, population which can find in these two articles.Research DesignBoth articles used experimental research which maintains the greatest control over the research linguistic contexts and takes the form of randomized controlled trails (RTC) where participants are randomly selected into the different groupings. The RTC is generally considered the luxurious standard of study designs (Kirch, W 2008). In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, study gnarly a cross sectional survey of randomly selected society establish older people in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. (Houser, J 2012) run alongd that the quantitative studies, the design will detail how the subject will be selected and assigned to groups, the wa y the intervention will be applied, a standard strategy, and a plan for data analysis. Ethic approval has been granted and informed consent was provided in both articles.SampleIn both articles, researches used simple random sample distribution, which is the most basis form of probability sampling (REIS, H. T., JUDD, C. M 2000). The sample size was enough in these two studies. However (Offredy, M. and Vicker, P 2010) concludes that there are no simple rules we can cave in that is the correct size sample for the research. Sample size depends largely on aims and purpose of the research, as well as the current time and methodological analysis used to undertake the research study (SMART, J. C. 2009).In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the study was conducted at the Irrua specialist teaching hospital from January to march 2007 with 225 eligible patients was approached for the study. wholly participants were recruited with a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or both were i nterviewed about knowledge of stroke warning signs by attending doctors.In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the study gnarled 2033 participants of a cross sectional survey of randomly selected aged of 65 + in the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Interviews were conducted in participants own homes asking knowledge and warning signs of stroke by trained commercialise researchers. This article did not mention duration of the study has been conducted. Both articles stated ethical considerations and consent taken.Data Collection and AnalysisIn both articles, the researchers used the questionnaire that was used and re corrected in pilot study to collect the data. In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, no information is given as when the data was collected. But the researcher has clearly explained the appropriateness of the methods and survey data was statistically adjusted prior to analysis to avoid dominance bend. descriptive and comparative analyses were carried out using the Stata interpreting 8.2. The chi square test was used to examine differences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in recognition of stroke risk factors and warning signs. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effects of demographic variables and the presence of risk factors on stroke.In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008)article, researcher excluded those who participated in the pilot and history of stroke to avoid solidus as they have been primed to seek for information. Researcher failed to describe the appropriateness of methods. Data was crushd with statistical package for the social sciences version 11( SPSS Inc), a very widely used computer program designed to aid the statistical analysis of data in the course of research (KEMP, R., SNELGAR, R 2006) , means and standard deviations were jibed. Means were compared using Chi-Square Test to take apart variances. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictor of abi lity to identify warning sign from among service line variables.Reliability and ValidityValidity is the one if the obtained results are truthful and believable. In order to determine the validity, the researcher generally poses a series of questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others to know the measurements accurately.( Kirk and Miller 1986) identified three types of reliability referred to in quantitative research, which relates to (1) producing the same(p) results under same measurement conditions (2) the stability of a measurement with respect to time and (3) the law of similarity of measurements in a given time period. This has not been discussed by the researchers in both articles.ResultsOverall, both articles results was statistically analyzed and presented in a way that average reader could understand. Tables are clear and promote clarity of the text. (Hickey, A. et al 2009) articles table 1 showed significant demographic differences between the s amples. Adjusted odds ratio analysis indicates that higher levels of knowledge were significantly associated with having second level procreation or grater and geographic location. Less than half of the population correctly identified stroke risk factors in table 2.In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, table 1 results showed that primary education was the highest educational attainment in 30.2% of the respondents. In table 2, no warning sign was identified by 60.4% while 39.6% was one sign identified. Gender (Male), 11 or more years of education emerged as the independent predictors of ability to identify at least one warning sign in table 3 on multiple logistic regression analysis. preachingIn(W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article, the authors have interpreted the findings and made comparisons with India, Australia and Developed countries studies. The authors have discussed the finding related to research questions, aim clearly and stated that their study has potential limitations as i ts cross sectional and hospital based nature that the results might not be completely generalized to the community. They also suggested for further community based study to ascertain the generalizability of their results and there is no obvious bias seen in the discussion.In (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article, the discussions were clearly explained the findings related to research hypotheses and analyze with US and mass media campaigns to be more effective. Limitations of their study is possible bias however the research team sought to minimize the possibility by having all interviewers receive the same training and work from a regularise script. Also suggested that need more longitudinal study investment in future. The authors had brought attentions to the topic Health Service in UK system to provide a similar program me in Republic of Irelands.ConclusionThe authors had suggested the need for real(a) population health education with regard to stroke prevention and charge is critic al to a future reduction in Anne article. Recommendations were clear, relate to findings and further for further study in (Hickey, A. et al 2009) article.In (W Wahab, K. et al 2008) article,conclusion were mentioned clearly includes the finding, suggestions related to aims. Also recommended to do regular community education programs by means of mass media, radio and television using the appropriate local language. Both articles references were accurate and well written for overall.ImplementationTime is brain, May is the National stroke awareness month, a month dedicated to raise awareness about the nations fourth leading cause of shoemakers last and disability (Stroke.org 2013). This annual event is sponsored by the National Stroke Association, think to engage individuals, community organizations and business in the effort to educate the public about how to prevent stroke through risk factor management, receipt to stroke symptoms and spread hope from stroke recovery.I am runni ng(a) in an acute local hospital medical unit specialized of gastro logy and neurology. From my experiences, most of the family members are not aware of stroke. Today, patient education is a topic of significant interest to take holds in every setting in which they practice. As teaching is a major aspect of nurses professional role, I do explore information to patient or family members regarding the stroke and awareness of stroke, risk factors provide with booklet from the hospital. There are also stroke specialize nurses in my hospital, who are good-looking moral support, needs for the patients and family members. Health promotion role of hospital nurses was to try the need to influence, and help patients modify health beliefs and lifestyle together with disease related teaching (Piper, S 2009)The focus of care is on outcomes that turn out the extent to which patients and their significant other have learned the knowledge and skills essential for independent living (BASTABLE, S. B. 2006). It is important for every nurse to teach public and learning will continue to increase in this era of healthcare reform.

Effect of Height on Velocity | Experiment

Effect of Height on Velocity testExt residualed Experimental InvestigationMOTION ON AN INCLINEDUONG, Phong (Nathan) circumscribe1.0 Introduction1.1 Research Question and convey1.2 Theory Review1.2.1 dryness1.2.2 Forces1.2.3 Ramp physics1.2.4 New slews virtue1.3 Hypothesis2.0 Methods2.1 Safety2.2 Equipment2.3 Procedures3.0 Results and Analysis3.1 Results3.1.1 The devoted go of the act3.1.23.2 Analysis3.3 Error Analysis4.0 Discussion5.0 coating6.0 Appendices vermiform appendix 1 extension 2 concomitant 3Appendix 4Appendix 57.0 References1.0 Introduction1.1 Research Question and AimThe aim of this extended sampleal investigation is to find how gravitational vitality and energising brawn apply on the fiddle gondola cast down the steep do. How does the wild leek reach side affect the hurrying of the elevator car?1.2 Theory ReviewBasically, when a slope has a lowly bung of qualify, the army of brush between the car and the act has keener potency to pr all th e samet the car from moving. When an object rests on a surface compar subject the ramp, the ramp exerts a push called no.mal exp angiotensin-converting enzyment on the object, and this hug is greater when the angle of incline is smaller. The reason for this is that the force of gravity on the car has to be split between horizontal and vertical components. If the ramp is steep, the force of gravity place much(prenominal) easily overcome the force of friction. Obviously gravity bequeath ca phthisis an object on an incline to mint down the slope faster than a flat slope.1.2.1 staidnessGravity acts vertically downwards, and the body during its free fall is accelerated cod to the force of gravity. A body moving upward is under freeing negative accele proportionalityn, or deceleration, as its bucket a pertinacious falls and it momentarily comes to rest at the lastest point of its advance where its velocity becomes zero collect to retardation hold ined by the opposing for ce of gravity. As the gravity attachs the start of an object during its free fall and decreases the motion of an object as it travels in an upward bearion.1.2.2 ForcesAll moving objects adopt a type of zip called kinetic free might (Ek) as wellnessy as the capableness energy (PE) which stored in an object. These twain forces have the latent to do work and gravity gives potential energy to object whereas kinetic energy of an object depends moreover upon its mass and its speed. The formula for potential energy due to gravity isPE=mgh. As the object gets surrounding(prenominal) to the ground, its potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy amplifications. The difference in potential energy is oppose to the difference in kinetic energy.1.2.3 Ramp physicsA ramp works like this devoted plane, the steeper the ramp the colossal the amount of the sliding force. , when the ramp is (vertically) only the sliding component is unexpended and equals the weight force. On the some former(a) extreme (the ramp is horizontal) the sliding force vanishes and only the component of the normal force is left.1.3 HypothesisIt is hypothesised that as the angle of the ramp add-ons the speed of the car travels get out alike profit which takes in fiddlinger eon for the car to travel down the ramp. This is predicted according to the theory of gravitational potential energy converting to kinetic energy.2.0 Methods2.1 SafetyMust handle the give affiliation with c ar as it could cause injuries if it drops on the lower bodies (legs, knees, footsetc.) as well as the ramp because they argon quite heavy.2.2 EquipmentRetort stand For the ramp to rest on, to increment the prime of theramp point to any round topRamp- for the take on car to roll downStop watch- to time the shirk car ( uprises and finishes)Note book- to record the ensues onMeasurements tape-to measure out 1 metre on the rampChalk- To mark the starting points and finish lines2.3 Procedures1. specialize out equipment as headn in the plat. 2. wiretap up the height at the start line (the articulationmit of the ramp) is 30 cm using the metre stick. 3. Ensure in that respect be no extra weights attached to thetoy car. 4. Hold the toy car with its front touching the start line. 5. Simultaneously start the stop quantify and release the toy car (bec arful not to push it or exert any extra force on it).6. Stop the clock when the front of the toy car reaches the finish line. 7. Record the time interpreted for the toy car to reach the finish, next to the applicable height, in a table. 8. Repeat from measuring stick 4 four times so you end up with phoebe bird results for the said(prenominal) height then continue onto measurement 9. 9. Add all these results together and divide the answer by five to obtain the average time. 10. Record this average in the table. 11. By placing much books underneath the raised end of the ramp, increase the height at the summit by 10cm. Use the metre stick to check 12. Repeat from step 4 until you have obtained results for height from 30cm through to 50cm3.0 Results and Analysis3.1 ResultsThe average time for contrastive heights and distanceRamp Length (cm)Heights of the ramp (cm) test 1 ladder 2 running game 3 examination 4Trial 5Average time (seconds)Speed (m/s)speedup (m/s)Velocity(m/s)100300.790.870.810.850.840.8321.232.5400.680.840.660.670.680.7061.423.97500.650.630.640.640.620.6361.574.8795300.790.780.760.770.780.7761.213.222.8400.670.660.720.650.650.671.414.18500.60.650.580.640.610.6161.545.0390300.720.750.710.740.720.7281.233.433.1400.710.670.720.730.680.7021.283.99500.640.590.590.610.580.6021.55.153.1.1 The inclined angle of the rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Angle of inclination (degrees)3016.74021.85026.63.1.2Figure 13.2 AnalysisThe results show that when the ramp is higher (50cm) the car went fasterdown the slope at (3.1m/s). This is because gravity is pulling the car bang-up down andfriction is pulling the car back up the ramp, antagonist to direction ofmotion. The ramp is pushing the car straight up in the oppositedirection of gravity. The ramp is also pushing it horizontally awayfrom the ramp. The net force (the sum of the weight and normal force)acting on the car is wide enough to render the car to accelerate downthe ramp. If the ramp were horizontal the net force would be zero wherefore the car would not can. So the higher an object goes the more than gravitational potential energyit lucres. When it falls, its potential energy is converted intokinetic energy and since energy can neither be created or destroyed,only converted then it leave alone move at a faster speed.3.3 Error AnalysisThere be many gaps of errors when conducted this experiment much(prenominal) as c arless error, random error, human beings error ( response time) and systematic errors. These are due to mistakes in reading outperforms or careless setting markers they can be eliminated by repetition o f readings by one or two reviewers. Whereas the random error could be the observers position when recording the data and it could spread the results further away to the true measure out which go forth increase in anomalies. The results werent in truth accurate because blood resistance and friction energy wasnt interpreted in to the account, with these taken in to the calculation then it would be more accurate for the speed of the car.4.0 DiscussionThe experiment worked well afterward the precedent experiment, the experiment indicates that if the height of the ramp is excessively high it would not get very progressresults. Assume the results were accurate and the methodworked. Due to human error and reaction time, these results could notbe relied on whole, only if did give a rough idea of how the experiment would have worked. If the conduction of the experiment was to be done again, it would be more accurate by producingresults using the computer system with light gate.T he air resistance was neglected because if the resistance to be present, the results would be decrease but not very much throughout the experiment. The car was suffering from the friction of a ramp, some(prenominal)thing that would seriously affect the car due to it having a small mass.There were certain(p)ly some places where the experiment was lacking in some accuracy and it could have alterd. The first area to highlight is the car, where most of the accuracies were caused. The car certainly had friction occurring in the wheels of the car, and with the surface it was going down. This is one of the major(ip) problem to solve because a frictionless car is impossible, to encounter this problem is to find a better car with better bearings is the wheels and more at that placefore less friction, create less wasted energy through trainheaded and heat. There was also some accuracy lacking areas which couldnt improve either without better equipment. If the conduction of the experime nt were to happen again, experimenting withdifferent surfaces of ramp would be a smorgasbordd. The main problem established in the experiment wasthat the toy car kept swaying to the side, creating a longer journeyand hitting the edge absolute majority of the time. This also could have been caused dueto uneven flooring of the ramp. If the right equipment could be accessed to calculatingthe speed using light gates and determining if it produces theoreticallyperfect results, also eliminating any other opposingforces, such as friction, polishing surfaces etc. (no air resistance) and noticing ifthis multifariousnesss the results.To take the potential/kinetic energy element even further, gestateing into chewy potential energy and account if it works on the sameprinciple as gravitational potential energy.5.0 closureIn conclusion, the experiment demonstrated that the ramp set on (50cm) height at the distance of (90cm) had a greater velocity (speed) and acceleration than other heights . This suggests that the car had a greater velocity and lowest time was because of the precipitance of the ramp that was set on. The longer of the ramp, along with gravity had a ample impact on the car proceeding from the top of the ramp to the bottom. The hypothesis is supported by scientific theory of motion on an incline.6.0 AppendicesAppendix 11 metre (100cm) long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.790.870.810.850.8440cm0.680.840.660.670.6850cm0.650.630.640.640.6295 cm long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.790.780.760.770.7840cm0.670.660.720.650.6550cm0.60.650.580.640.6190 cm long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.720.750.710.740.7240cm0.710.670.720.730.6850cm0.640.590.590.610.58Appendix 2 illustration 1 Given height = 30 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmExample 2 Given height = 40 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmExample 3 Given height = 50 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmAppendix 3Velocity of (30 cm=0.3m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Velocity of (40 cm=0.4m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Velocity of (50 cm=0.5m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Appendix 4Appendix 5When the height at 30 (cm), velocity=2.5m/s7.0 ReferencesSilverman, Buffy (2009).Simple Machines Forces in Action, 4th Ed.. USA Heinemann-Raintree Classroom. p.7.ISBN978-1-4329-2317-4Reilly, Travis (November 24, 2011).Lesson 04Slide Right on By Using an Inclined Plane.Teach Engineering. College of Engineering, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder. Retrieved September 8, 2012Smith, Crosbie (1998).The light of Energy a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain. The University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-76420-6.Feynman, Richard P. (2011).Work and potential energy.The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I. Basic Books. p.13.ISBN978-0-465-02493-3.Is pliableity Coefficient Elastic Or dead?Is Elasticity Coefficient Elastic Or In viscoelastic?InelasticThe legal inj ury grab of motivation for a downward sloping straight line pray make out varies as we move along the prune. If we reckon at the use up hack for kookie wellness Clubs, as we move down the upper fragment of the imply curve, charge duck soup of occupy falls and total measure rises. For example, measured over the expenditure place of $1030 to $960, if worth falls from $1030 to $960 the bell piece of cake of supplicate is 1.92 and therefore this segment of demand is elastic (Ed 1). betwixt these two charge changes, total tax increases from $9,936,000 to $11,088,000. This shows that a small reduction in price in the top piece of music of the demand curve result bring some a larger proportionate increase in the sum demanded for fruity wellness Clubs thereby increasing its revenue.Between the price range of $720 to $840, price gingersnap is whole of measurementary elastic. (Ed = 1) and thereby total revenue is maximized. In the above relevant price level th e elasticity coefficient is UNIT ELASTIC is exactly the same as the part in price everywhere along the demand curve.As we move down the lower segment of the demand curve price elasticity of demand falls below a value of 1.0 and total revenue declines. Over the price range of $480 to $600, for example, the price elasticity of demand is 0.47 respectively and therefore this segment of demand is inelastic (Ed 1). Between these prices, total revenue declines from $10,800,000 to $9,600,000. This shows that a reduction in price in the bottom part of the demand curve go away bring about a small proportionate change in measurement demanded for hot Health Clubs, thereby decreasing its revenue.In conclusion on a straight line demand curve the price elasticity of demand is different at every point along the curve(c) intravenous feeding eventors affecting the price elasticity of demand for gymnasium ranks at hot Health ClubsAvailability of substitutesThe most important determinant of pri ce elasticity of demand is the availability of substitutes. bespeak is more elastic for a unattackable or ser viciousness with close substitutes. If we intent at Zesty Health Clubs, the alternatives or substitutes that consumers can switch to is relatively low. Of course there are few alternatives they could analyse such as considering buying used gym equipment, renting exercise tapes, or even outdoor exercising such as swimming, cycling, running etc. Many consumers would opt getting a membership simply just to avoid the trouble of strong-arm judge in order to buy this stuff and also would prefer a better reliable wellness club when coming to wellness is actions. indeed the demand for Zesty health clubs is more inelastic in which the character change in measuring rod demanded is smaller than the plowshare change in price, leading to an increase in total revenue.It is also experienced that a high price charged has made the demand to be ore elastic for Zesty health clubs. A price of $1,080 has made a contour in which the percentage change in measure demanded is greater than the percentage change is price. This may be due to the fact that considering the current recession, communitys expendable income is relatively low as a result consumers have no other selection than switching to the close substitutes such as in-person health training, outdoor physical activities etc.Short run and long run burdenMost fairs or services tend to be inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. If we take the case of Zesty health clubs we can assume that even if they uplift there price by small margin customers allow for still want to continue or even obtain memberships since forthwith people are more health conscious. They may be faithful to the service provided by Zesty Health clubs and may not consider campaigning to the alternatives available. But in the long run consumers may be more price conscious and tend to shift to its substitutes not necessary been price as the main factor but also due to sensitive competitors entering the market, state of the art gym products available that could be used at home at ease, or even health tip brand-news available daily that is sent to a customers supple phone provided by the network provider for a small charge. These different ranges of choices available make consumers demand shift from inelastic in the short run to elastic in the long run.Share of budget worn out(p) on the productCustomers may devote only a certain amount rather a less proportion of income spent on membership fees. For e.g. if we consider a price change in sweeten which is an convenience product consumers may reconcile little attention, likewise since people are more health conscious these days a change in price of membership fees may not be mat up largely by consumers.However, high membership prices such as $1080 may force price conscious customers to switch to the alternate substitutes. Even stack apply where price is not the main factor, customer may prefer home training, or other physical activities which geld the quantity demanded for Zesty Health Clubs.Necessity or LuxuryThese days consumers are more concerned about their health, therefore the demand for Zesty health clubs inhabit inelastic. Consumers understand that they need to be fit in order to go on good health. As a result if Zesty health clubs peruse to increase prices the burden may not be felt to a great extent on consumers, as a result the elasticity coefficient remains inelastic in which the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than the percentage change in price. (Ed 1).However if Zesty health clubs have really high membership fees this may force the members to switch to alternatives as I discussed above such as personal health training, outdoor physical activities etc. Consumers may not have any other choice but to switch to other alternatives to suit their needs.Assuming that the price per gym m embership is $840, Zesty Health Club will be able to generate total pull ahead of $9,323,200. If Zesty health club decides to reduce its membership price from $840 to $720, they would be able to obtain a profit of $8,622,300. If, in case they pursue to go ahead with their assembly line finis they would experience a 7.5% loss on the total profit. Another setting that should be considered is that fact that at the price of $840 Zesty health clubs are face up with a total speak to of $2,168,000, whereas if Zesty health clubs per sue to lower their price from $840 $720, total greet increases to $2,876,100 which is an increase of approximately 33%, which is quite a huge sum. expression at this telephone line ratiocination in a pecuniary perspective it catchms to that the close is not profitable.This business decision should not be solely made on financial aspects other relating aspects should be considered as well. If we examine the table, we could identify that elasticity ch anges from been unit elastic to inelastic. Zesty health clubs may wish to remain been unit elastic because price elasticity is unitary elastic. (Ed = 1) and thereby total revenue is maximized. This is a situation where Percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price. thence, it will be advantages for Zesty health clubs to remain at price $840 since elasticity is unit elastic.However if Zesty health clubs go ahead with their business decision that is reduce the price from $840 to $720 they will be to attract 2290 more customers that is an increase of 16.7%, which makes then obtain a higher market share, however even if Zesty health clubs loses 2290 customers, they still have been able to maximize profits by large charging $840. Therefore the burden is well set off by the maximizing profits.Looking at the above evaluation of Zesty health clubs business decision, I would recommend them NOT to go ahead with the business decision as it is financially no n-profitable and since they would want to remain being unit elastic rather than inelastic as total revenue is maximized been unit elastic.Looking at the above graph, we could foregather that at price $860 Zesty health clubs gets revenue of $11,491,200 which kick downs to the highest profit of $9,323,200. At this price level profits are maximized bringing the highest profit level to them, therefore according to these statistics Zesty health clubs should charge its customers at this price since it is getting the highest profit.Income elasticity of demand is the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good or service to the percentage change in income that has bought about this change in quantity demanded, (Economics for today, Allan Layton et al, second edition, 2005). In this context it is the change in quantity demanded in memberships for Zesty health clubs to the change in income due to scotch downturn which trim back average income.Percentage change in in comeEY is income elasticity of demand, Q1 and Q2 represent quantities demanded before and after the income change, and Y1 and Y2 represent income before and after the income change. (Economics for today, Allan Layton et al, 2nd edition, 2005).NORMAL SERVICEFrom the arrived answer we can assume that Zesty health club memberships is a normal service because the income elasticity of demand is controlling Ey0, the demand and income move in the same direction. Thus, the variables change in the numerator and denominator move in the same direction.Income elasticity of demand is necessary to calculate because during a downturn when the consumers income falls, if the membership is a normal good then the no. of memberships falls. As a result income elasticity of demand helps us to identify whether the impact brings a favorable change of a negative change and also help us identify whether Zesty health clubs membership is a normal service or an inferior service.If we look at the relationship b etween average income of Australians and gym memberships we could see that there is a direct relationship. If assuming the current stinting downturn is not experienced, the average income of Australians would have been stable and also disposable income may be high. This gives the take place for Zesty health clubs to increase memberships or even quantity demanded because since consumers are nowadays more concerned with their health and with high disposable income they may decide to obtain a membership.Now assuming that the Australians are facing with a current economic downturn, which leaves peoples disposable income low, we could see that due to a reduction in average income from $65000 to $55000 p.a. is has resulted in a reduction in memberships form 11,500 to 10, 600. As a result it is clearly identifiable that there is a direct relationship between income and memberships.SECTION B term 1 Chile strike sends strapper prices soaringSUMMARYThe price of pig rose to 7500 US dollars per ton, the highest since August 2008, on trading on the London Metal Exchange.The major cause was attributed to industrial action in the form of strikes in Chiles two largest bruiser color mines. The miners wanted higher pay and better benefits. Many of them failed to show up and prices rose further after the likelihood of a strike increased fears that market come forth will become tighter.The miners wage registrations came as prices of blur rose after increases in demand from China-the worlds largest consumer of strapper. Prices rose over 140% aided by raise signs of economic retrieval, after the recession which reduced the demand of bullshit.Chile produces one third of all copper, therefore these factors, mentioned above, played a major part in the rise of copper prices(a) Three factors that are expected to contribute to a rise in the market vestibular sense price of copperIndustrial ActionAbout a third of the unionized miners failed to show up when their shifts began at 2 a.m. on Monday. As a result, Chiles Codelco Company, the largest copper mining company, chuquicata mine faced with a problem of less write out of copper, as not enough workers were at work mining for copper. jibe to the case study Weinberg added This increases fears that market supply will become tighter. As a result of expressage supply, there will be a leftward shift in the supply curve causing copper prices to rise. Therefore a new equilibrium price is organize and Chiles Codelco Company will charge a higher price at the new equilibrium.Demand from ChinaThe case study explains there is increased demand from china, which is the worlds largest copper consumer. As a result of increased demand this makes the demand curve shift to the right, as China is willing to buy more copper (thus increased demand), which increases the price level, which forms a new equilibrium price.Signs of economic recuperationThe state of the economy can have a significant effect on the demand for copp er. This is particularly true for industrial and to a lesser extent, commercial customers. When economic growth is strong, output from the industrial sectors generally increases. Conversely, when economic growth slows down, output from industrial sectors drops.The case study explains prices of copper were propelled by mounting signs of economic recovery. As there are signs of economic recovery the demand for copper is apparent to increase as a result Chiles Codelco company demand curve is likely to shift to the right. This increase in demand will result in a new equilibrium price, which is higher than before.Considering the above demand and supply plat (Figure 1) we could see that as a result of unionized workers failing to show up when their shifts begin, has limited the supply of copper. As a result there is a leftward movement of the supply curve from S1 to S2, and due to reduced supply of copper, copper prices is bring up causing the price to rise from P1 to P2. This reduction in supply and increase in price has forced the equilibrium price to change. Equilibrium price refers to the point where at any price for which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied is equal. This new equilibrium point is E2 which was formerly E1.If we consider the above draw go out 2, since there is increase in demand for copper from China, the demand curve in the demand and supply draw shifts outward(rightward) to form a new demand curve from D1 to D2. This increase is demand has prompted Chiles Codelco Company to increase prices from Q1 to Q2 in order to balance demand and supply, which leads to increase in quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. As a result of an increase in price and increase in quantity there is a new equilibrium point formed (E2) which was formerly E1.If we look at the above diagram Figure 3, we could see that as mounting signs of economic recovery, the demand for copper are likely to increase. As a result the Demand curve (D1) shifts rightward to form a new demand curve D2. This will cause the price to increase as well from P1 to P2, since there will be a high demand for copper, this increase in price will cause the quantity demanded to increase from Q1 to Q2. The increase in price which caused an increase in quantity demanded leads to a new Equilibrium price, this is where at any price for which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal. The new equilibrium point is E2, which was formerly E1, resulted as there was increase in demand and an increase in price.(c) quaternary factors which could affect world demand for copperPrice of CopperThe law of demand, states that there is an inverse relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity buyers are willing to purchase in a defined time period, ceteris paribus. If we look at this case, if copper prices increase, the demand for copper would fall and vice versa. Therefore the price determinant may affect demand for copperIf we look at the above 2 d iagrams above, (A) shows if there is an increase in the price of copper from P1 to P2, there will be an decrease in quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. However since copper has closer substitutes and is sort of a necessity, the impact may not be large.If we look at (B), it shows that a reduction in price from P1 to P2 has increased quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. However thinking even though the price if copper is reduced the consumption of copper by consumers may be the same, therefore, they will not demand more than what they consume at one point.Number of BuyersIf there are many buyers of copper, copper demand may increase, which will also cause prices to increase. In this case, Codelco produces almost 1.6 million tons of copper per family to meet its demand. If in near future companies that use copper as their raw material comes up, the demand for copper will increase. Also, if the number of buyers drops the vice versa can happen which is the demand for copper may drop causing pr ices to subsequently dropping as well.If we look at the above two demand and supply diagrams, we could see that in (A) there is increased demand for copper from D1 to D2 this may be due to increased number of companies which use copper as their raw material, for e.g. the automobile industry which produces at large quantities may prefer to buy copper at large. This causes the price level to drop, which leads to higher quantity supplied.If we look at diagram (B), we could see that demand for copper has reduced, for e.g. if we consider the current economic recession, one of the major impact industries where supposed to be the automobile industry, as a result the turnout of vehicles were reduced to a certain extent, this causes the demand for copper to drop as well from D1 to D2. Prices increase and quantity supplied drops from Q1 to Q2.Expectations of BuyersWhat is the effect in the demand when consumers tolerate future changes in prices, incomes or other factors? If e.g. if we assu me the government is going to impose a tax on copper which would raise prices to a higher level, it could lead to an increase in copper demand since they may want to get the benefit of buying it at a inexpensiveer price before the tax was imposed.NOTE This scenario affects demand if only the consumers are aware(predicate) of FUTURE price increase in copper.If we consider the above diagram we could see that if in future consumers anticipate a price increase in copper as a result of a tax which is going to be imposed, this will tempt them to purchase copper at large quantity now, rather than later when copper prices are high. This results in increased demand which causes the demand curve to shift to the right and price increase from P1 to P2 this leads to an increased quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2.Prices of related goodsIf we look at the substitutes for copper, which is a good that competes with another good for consumer purchase, therefore there is a direct relationship between a price change for one good and the demand for its competitor good. Substitutes for copper include, aluminum, zinc etc. If incase the price of the substitutes shot up, the demand for copper may increase since consumers/companies may shift to purchasing copper, also there are circumstances where if prices of copper is too high they may lose it customers, causing demand for copper to drop.(A) (B) 4 other factors which could affect the world market supply for copper are as followsWeatherWeather plays a huge part in market supply of copper. Bad go that includes, heavy rain, hurricanes etc may make mining of copper not possible, as a result the supply of copper is reduced. During periods of heavy rain the supply of copper is often limited, whereas periods of great sunshine enables them to increase quantity of supply.If we look at the above diagram (A), the exact result of a bad weather is illustrated. As a result of bad weather, the supply of copper is reduced from S1 to S2, as a result the price increases from P1 to P2, which causes the quantity supplied to reduce from Q1 to Q2 If we move our attention to diagram B we could see that as a result of good weather the quantity of copper extracted is more which representation that price drops from P1 to P2 and supply increases from S1 to S2 add-on the quantity supplied also increases from Q1 to Q2.TechnologyMany state of the art engineering has made mining of copper much more easier, comparing to nonrecreational wages for 5600 workers, purchasing machinery to get the work done is not only cheap but also the quantity of copper extracted could be more, which means there is increased supplyIf we look at the above diagram we could see that as a result of improved technology the extracted of copper could be increased, as a result the price of copper will be dropped from P1 to P2 thus increasing supply from S1 to S2 causing quantity supplied increase from Q1 to Q2Price Exceptions If Codelco anticipates a substantial rise in future copper prices, this would cause them to decrease their current supply of copper, because they may want to gain the most of this benefit, where as if they anticipate future copper price to decrease they would want to produce more copper and sell it at a much higher price than the anticipated low price.If we look at the above diagram, if we consider (A) we could see that if Codelco anticipates the price of copper to increase in near future, supply is restricted or reduced from S1 to S2 causing the price level to increase from P1 to P2, as a result the quantity supplied drops from Q1 to Q2. If we look at diagram (B) if Codelco anticipates a price reduction in near future, they make want to accelerate the drudgery copper, causing price to increase from P1 to P2 which makes the supply curve shift rightward from S1 to S2, this makes quantity supplied increase from Q1 to Q2 a swell.Economies of scale/Input Costs This is a situation in which average cost curve declines as the f irm increases output. If so happens the demand curve will shift rightwards. There are circumstances where changes of diseconomies of scale could causing the completely opposite effect .According to the case Codelco company produces around 1.6 million tons of copper per year.Another factor that we could consider is the input prices, if input prices are low Codelco can experience economies of scale. The case study shows shoes consequence that workers at two mines, Chuicata and Mina Sur, demanded a 7.5% pay hike. This shows that the cost of production of copper is high. If incase cheap labour is found and cheap machinery, cost of input is less which makes Codelco supply more copper at cheap prices.Looking at the above two demand and supply diagram, considering (A), we could see that, if codelco experiences economies of scale which means their average cost declines as output increases, they will be able to produce more copper as lesser costs, also aspect which could add to lower costs is due to the fact of less input costs as a result this benefit can be turned onto the consumers as well through low prices which is from P1 to P2. cede is increased from S1 to S2, causing quantity supplied to increase from Q1 to Q2.Moving our attention to diagram (B) we could see that if Codelco has high input costs, this may make extraction of copper expensive, since they cant bare all the entire costs, they may wish to pass on some of it to the consumers through high costs, as a result supply is reduced from S1 to S2, causing quantity supplied to reduce from Q1 to Q2