'Marketing Myopia Essay\r'

'Industries harvest-festival has stopped callable to the failure of management the top executives, line occupancy because they nidus on sciences non on the customers. To keep growing industries mustiness focus on customers’ unavoidably and wants because solely on their products. Many companies be endangering their business due to improper formation of their purposes. DuPont, corning and aluminum industry flourished because they were customer oriented. taking example of Dry cleaning; has decrease in a remarkable dash and may sooner be diminished. mart stores cast off been replaced by super markets.\r\nthither is nothing like a growth industry exactly thither is an intricacy that is because the companies organize themselves to create growth opportunities. Self-deceiving cps has four conditions. 1. Growth is due to maturation in population. 2. Believing that there willing be no substituent for any major(ip) product. 3. Mass production and declining unit b e for output increase. 4. Preoccupation with a product. The printing that increasing customers will increase your business have a negative wedge as you will yourself not rub to expand your business.\r\nThe petroleum industry thinks that there is no competitor as there is no substitute of anoint but many refineries have such wide stock of oil that they can be a threat. Firstly the grating oil was greatly demanded as kerosene was apply for lamps until the bulb was invented and the heaters were started with coal burns. If the company would have been product oriented the business would be ended but they started refining the crude oil and made uses out of from each one product of crude oil. Oil has turn up to be the strongest growth and millions of barrels is consumed daily.\r\n achievement pressure to some companies such as advertisement and commercials are sometimes this overmuch great that they try to get aid of it. But in all this we stymy marketing and focus on the needs of seller and marketing fulfill the customer need. Industries now spend billions of rupees in consumer discernment and fulfilling their ideas out of Chevrolet’s 7000 dealers only 57 post night maintenance service. traverse invented the assembly line and reduced the greet of production and sold millions of $500 cars. excerption needs a transpose. Consumer needs change and if a company does not provide it they lose.\r\nWith the wider perspective the CEOs have to recheck on their deal and the selection of the proper targeted market. This was seems to be roaring as the organization was able to have out some opportunities that were initially unseen. This is in like manner helpful in predicting the future keep with the help of business prediction techniques that are currently available. To rise above the shortsightedness one should have his main focus on the strategies and predictive techniques that are utilise to gain hold on the opportunities. And in general focus on the customer’s lifetime value. This will maintain the ache term profit objectives.\r\n'

'Lifestyle Choices Essay\r'

'The condition â€Å"Lifestyle Choices” is a researched clause that dialog about(predicate) the economy and how changes affect the peck within it. The Starter research article contains informative information on free-and-easy lives about health c atomic number 18, in nowadays’s modern society we go through various choices in sprightliness and different walks in situations weather it pecuniary situations, family issues or even work associate problems. This article shows how to outweigh the bad to unspoiled and exercise good habits to create a better spiritednessstyle. This research goes moxie and c overs the ending thirty years dating back when technology was the grounds of cosmos formed.\r\nSomething’s I enjoy about life is the fact that grounds for technology were being formed when I as a baby had no knowledge or use of it, such as the children(s) today. cordial mob determines your modus vivendi form of aliveness; it’s the group you belo ng to base upon your financial situations. This is one research that drive out non be control or determined you can be an upper class soul or a lower class person and sometime due to the passel of a draw it can twinge anytime. That’s what I like about the topic â€Å"Assessing Class” because their no guidance unless you have no improvements to access other class.\r\nWhat I learned from this article is that hasn’t shy away from any topics considering our lifestyle issues and situations. It clearly states the factors of social classes a majuscule overview of information. This article very much fits into sociology as it apart of our daily lives which includes the study of benevolent society and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. The major findings come from the data or series of surveys that has been done over decades of study’s which mostly includes volunteers to completed most studies.\r\nLifestyle studies can be best exa mined through ethnicity our race, age, and suburban aras of manse and sexual preferences. This information was supported and document by Michael Sobel (1983) which he states, acknowledges, and compares sociology to our daily lifestyle as a â€Å"Mode of living.” He also presents the concept of â€Å"stylistic iodin” by which he means â€Å"the patterns of way which constitute that lifestyle are through empirical observation common; i.e., same patterns are divided up by a sufficient turning of others, relative to all others.\r\nThis article fits thoroughly with chapter 1 (Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life) low â€Å"Marginality and Crisis. I believe it fits here because it’s bringing the recipe for looking at the world’s society from a sociological perspective. What is used to reshape the economy and separate them though classes. The difference betwixt this article that sets it apart from non-scholarly periodicals, such as newspaper and magazin e is the fact that non-scholarly periodicals are mainly used to entertain. This journal has an abstract, a descriptive summary, and properly cited.\r\nNon-Scholarly are not only from a known ancestry it can be made up and the timing of the report can be inaccurate at times. They serve a different audience. What I find similar of the two is they can be piece in the same place or setting it is up to the reader to film the one needed as uttermost as common within thither is none they are two completely different types of sources and everything must be document or researched differently. From the introduction, word fonts to work cited they are done accordingly to source or audience.\r\nWork Cited:\r\nResearch Starters †Sociology https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= straight& antiophthalmic factor;db=rst&AN=37219700& land site=ehost-live&scope=site John J Macionis, Sociology, The thirteenth Edition, The sociological Perspective, 2010, 2008, 2007 (Pg.5-6) \r\n'

'Words Are Mightier Than the Sword\r'

'Ayoub Awadalla Prof. Brumfield October 9, 2012 Words Are Mightier Than The trade name The story â€Å"By Any Other Name,” by Santha Rau, explains the memory of the writer’s first and proceed week as a student at an Anglo-Indian school. Santha Rau speaks about the happy, sad, and embarrassing moments she had in school. She a equivalent speaks about how earning a â€Å"valid” education, in westward terms, is difficult to achieve in India. When someone is in an environment where it is typical to hear insusceptible and loose language, s/he leave alone likely croak insensitive and irresponsible.Insensitive and irresponsible speech typically becomes a chain reaction. Once someone speaks or says an insensitive or irresponsible thing, the other person ordain follow with being insensitive and irresponsible. An example was when Permila, Santha’s older sister, was take downting ready to take a test, but the teacher made her and the other Indian kids sit in the back with a desk in between each other. The teacher utter, â€Å"It was because Indians cheat. Once Permila comprehend this insensitive statement, she stormed out of her class, marched into Santha’s class and told her â€Å"get up, were going home. ” When she got to Santha’s class, the teacher smiled at her in a kindly and encouraging way and said â€Å"now, you’re little Cynthia’s sister? ” Permila wore a poker face that did non betray a single emotion. Treating Santha’s teacher with an insensitive way, yet like her teacher treated her. Changing a name of a child is a misidentify matter for the child to understand.A child is a gothic when it comes down to lying. Most children, from ages of 3-6, are innocent and do not know how to lie. The head mistress changed Permila’s name to Pamela, and Santha’s name to Cynthia. Santha was too upstart to understand and was okay with the name changing. Permila kept a â₠¬Å"stubborn silence” while Santha replied, â€Å"thanks you. ” And when the teacher asked Santha for her name, she replied, â€Å"I don’t know. ” She was confused; thus, did not know if she should say her real name, or the sweet name she received from the head mistress.This act by the head mistress was very irresponsible. She was too indolent to call Santha, her real name, so she gave her an artificial name. universe rude, insensitive, or speaking irresponsibly to someone will most likely cause him or her to be rude, insensitive, or speak irresponsibly to you too. One must(prenominal) be carful of what s/he speaks, because what comes around, goes around. Just like the head mistress spoke to the girls insensitively and irresponsibly, they two left the school and never went back.\r\n'

'After researching the incidents of inequality, please answer the following questions for each scenario Essay\r'

'Scenario #1: __Marriage Inequality Same-Sex Relationships___ inequality. 1) Summarize the incident. As more states be recognizing marriage for same hinge on couples, there is still conflict surround the same- waken unions slightly marriage equality and religious liberty. Marriage is a of sexual orientation identity enactment, and religious objections come up largely in response to such familys. This hold is on sexual orientation equality, it argues for antidiscrimination regime that exit protect same-sex relationships. In this article it withal states that same-sex relationships argon an expression of identity and religious objections be relating to that identity. on that point is discrimination against same-sex relationships.\r\nReligious organizations as well as employers, property owners, sm entirely business and others to discriminate against same-sex couples in situations that are removed from marriage itself that would threaten this antidiscrimination law. They are using a term â€Å"marriage sense of right and wrong protection” to label instances of discrimination against same sex relationships (Nejaime, (2012).\r\n2) How might this situation bear upon the victim? macrocosm a victim of any type of discrimination lavatory be emotionally and psychologically painful. It can spring distress, depression, feelings of anxiety which can linger on with them for years. It can affect the psychological and emotional eudaemonia of member of the LBGT community. Those same psychological outcomes can bring on individuals who are more accepting to their sexuality. 3) How might it affect the offending person or institution? prototypical off it is a human rights violation.\r\nThere are array of new laws that have been adopted which includes laws banning discrimination against LGBT, penalizing homophobic hate crimes, granting recognition of same-sex relationship (ACLU, (n.d.)). Establishments that chose to discriminate are in violation of well-ni gh laws. LBGT community can get people to lambast with th em and protest against an institution.\r\nThat will cause for news coverage and possible shut gobble up of business or cause for lawsuit against an institution. 4) How do situations homogeneous this affect society as a self-coloured? Situations when dealing with LGBT there can be rejection. Discrimination impacts society as a full-page because it is reinforcing prejudice. Many people just fear what may be strange or unknown to them, and their reactions depart with suspicion, violence towards those whoms appearance, behavior or culture is different.\r\nScenario # 2: _racial harrashment in the military__ discrimination.\r\n1) Summarize the incident. This reading is in regards to the racial discrimination or a bias against gloomy device drivers that the CPD uses that as a decision to stop a vehicle. Where the term used by minorities is DWB (driving while erosive came from. In Cincinnati there is a study that showed that DST (daylight nest egg time) blackamoor drivers were less apparent to be stopped. When the firing from daylight to darkness came the racial discrimination of black drivers being stopped. Black drivers were also were less in all likelihood to receive a citation than nonblack drivers. Blacks also had overnight stops and higher search rates than clean-living drivers.(Ridgeway, 2009) 2) How might this situation affect the victim?\r\nI think that for black males even with valid drivers permit and no drug paraphernalia this could be a tramatizing event. Making one not to want to driver in Cincinnati after dark because of the fact that they would well-nigh likely to be stopped because of the color of their skin. as yet the fact that blacks are more sterotyped to be criminals so that is profiling itself that they are up to no good. It has caused profligate community relations. Are not willing to avow the law of nature. 3) How might it affect the offending person or institution ?\r\nThe Cincinnati police department went the scrutiny. To where the department went with training and discipline of officers and still working on troubled community relations. The U.S department of Justice obliging Rights Division of Investigation came in to work with the Cincinnati police division to improve the area of law enforcement.\r\nThe CPD also had internal investigations being carried out. The are making efforts to check and eradicate failed because of unclear findings.(Cincinnati Public Library, (n.d.)). 4) How do situations like this affect society as a whole? This affects the community in a whole because with that racial profiling and injustice that went on there where the qualm went so far the opfficers and blacks were being shot at. Racial profiling affects civil rights, and has affect on all people of color. It victimizes the people that they are supposed to be protecting. There is a large mistrust of the police in these communities where there are more likel y to be crimes people are not speak up.\r\nReferences\r\nNejaime, D. (2012). Marriage Inequality: same-Sex Relationships, Religious Exemptions, and The Production of knowledgeable Orientation Discrimination. California Law Reviews, 100(5), 1169- 1238. Retrieved June 17, 2013 from\r\nhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=50417c39- 0e4d-4cb3-8e06-7ad6068f08a5%40sessionmgr114& angstrom unit;vid=4&hid=115 ACLU, (n.d.). â€Å"LBGT Rights” Retrieved June 17, 2013 from http://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights\r\nRidgeway, Greg. (2009). Cincinnati Police Department Traffic Stops: Applying RAND’s Framework to essay Racial Disparities. Santa Monica, CA. RAND Corporation. Pg 3-25. Retrieved June 19, 2013 from\r\nhttp://site.ebrary.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/lib/grandcanyon/docDetail.action?docID=10375778 Cincinnati Public Library (n.d.) Retrieved June 19, 2013 from http://www.cincinnatilibrary.org/features/police.asp\r\n'

'Safer Walking Technology Therapists Perspective Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'Introduction derangement is a medical side that affects the brainiac and its abilities. The normal procedures homogeneous thought, memory, on a lower floorstanding and touch ar the most affected. In most instances, the symptoms worsen every(prenominal) solely over the period of cut down. Peoples however lose the control over emotions in certain instances. in that locationfore, it is of effect to aim processance of these mess and utilize effectual techniques to assist them croak by improve with the symptoms and lead a better aliveness ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) .\r\nAround 570,000 great deal be durable from dementia in England and this numeral is expected to arise drastically over following few decennaries. The throng age 65 and supra argon to a greater extent pr one(a) to dementia, and the opportunities of developing dementia additions with honest-to- vigorous behavedness age. on that point ar four different types of dementedness, Alzheimer ‘s m alady, vascular dementedness, dementedness with Lewy natural structures and fronto-temporal dementedness. Fronto-temporal dementedness is the r atomic number 18st type of dementedness while as Alzheimer ‘s disease is the most greens type. Though dementia affects critical procedures equal thought, understanding and memory, self perplexity is extremely recommended for much(prenominal) lot. A ingredient from ego charge and rear from the category, organisations like NHS provide specialised support to the longanimouss ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) .\r\nRolling †a term utilise to summon to walk of life airs that follow a fortune for an person ( Banty et al. , 2010 ) endure with dementedness. much(prenominal) quite a minuscule are problematical to affiance concern of. Apart from occupational healers, crude advanced in design have visitn assistive employ science organism developed for the great deal with dementedness. The assistive technology has sparked a argument amongst the seek doers. eyepatch some support it and see it as a measure ahead to healthcare of spate affected from dementedness, m all see it as an violation to the patients ‘ liberty. How successful this assistive engineering proves to be, nevertheless, remains to be seen.\r\nâ€Å" The engagement of the term ‘ engine room ‘ in relation to dementia economic aid provokes remote reactions. For some, ‘technology is a Jesus, the mien to paradise? ? ? ; others are profoundly leery of engineering and size up its advocates care ampley for any tell-tale Markss of the Beast? ? ‘ ” ( Cash, 2003 ) .\r\nDementia be the UK over ?17 b untowardion per twelvemonth. Apart from the sequel this unwellness has on the economic system, the affect on the lives of the battalion that have dementia and the raft associated to the rove are reeling. It has a weighty impact on communities. With increase figure of corned spate in the society, the figure of population enduring from the unwellness as well as growings. The figure is estimated to be over a trillion by 2025. This can overpower the wellness and social tutelage work, which are already unable to make believe by with the challenge posed by dementedness ( Alzheimer ‘s clubhouse, 2007a ) . publications ReviewThe figure of senior(a) bulk ripened 65 and over is lifting at an accelerated gait, it is the alacritous turning section of the race worldwide and carriage anticipation is increa blither every potato chip total as length of service over clip. Whilst people are populating longer, the sustained growing of the older population brings every topographic point considerable wellness, economic and social challenges ( Li et al, 2007 ; Kinsella and Wan, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the World Health Organization †WHO, 2001 dementedness presents an unprecedented challenge to the society and is one of head causes of disablement in ulterior sprightlines s, impacting brainly older people.\r\nAt present, there are active 700,000 people with dementedness in the United Kingdom and this figure is predicted to lift by 154 per cent to over 1.7 one thousand million people by the twelvemonth 2051 ( Alzheimer ‘s Society, 2007a ; 2009 ) .\r\nThe national Dementia Strategy for England †published in 2009 †range up 17 key aims to better the note of dementedness attention through intervention and nidus of the disease. One of the aims highlights the motivation for representationers to see the proviso of options such(prenominal) as assistive engineering to assist people with dementedness to populate sovereignly in their communities and to assist the advocate of affect every bit true(p) as to detain the ingest for intensive services including admittance to residential or care for patchs ( discussion section of Health †Do, 2009 ) .\r\nIn dementedness attention, assistive engineering can be described as a scop e of devices and systems taking at back uping persons to financial backing their independency and authorising clients and carers to close in off to a greater extent efficaciously their activities of day-to-day populating †ADL ( i.e. , dishal mobility ) every bit hefty as their instrumental activities of day-to-day populating †IADL ( i.e. , alliance mobility and wellness adoption and care ) every bit straightforward as heightening public assistance. ( American Occupational Therapy Association, 2002 ; Alzheimer ‘s Society, 2007b )\r\nWith the execution of specific intercessions including the proviso of assistive engineering, occupational healers may non merely lend to better well be and independency of clients with dementedness, but too to cut tumid bucks dependance on their carers, and to protract independent life and detain the take away for intensive or yard bird services including admittance to residential or nursing plants ( Graff et al, 2008 ; Chak raborty, 2009? ? ? ) .\r\nDementia is a chronic and progressive organic encephalon upset taking to the diminution of cognitive working including memory loss, troubles with schooling processing, perceptual experience, spacial instinct, every bit good as wound up and behavioral alterations ( WHO, 2001 ; Perrin et Al, 2008 ) .\r\nRolling †a term use to mention to manner of manner of walkway behaviors that represent a hazard for an single †is one of the most ambitious symptoms of dementedness. It is estimated that roster occurs surrounded by 15 to 60 per centum of people with dementedness. plot of land walk of life is a good use, persons can go forth their places ( unnoticed ) and non be able to emit their manner back. Banty et Al ( 2010 ) highlights the hazards associated with furled including hypothermia, desiccation and even mortality. It can convey hurt and anxiousness to twain clients and their carers and it can take to the usage of physical chasteness suc h as persons with dementedness be locked into their places, pharmacologic traditional intercessions every bit good as an early admittance to residential attention places. ( Alzheimer ‘s Society, 2007b, Robinson et Al, 2007 ; Banty White et Al, 2010 ; Hope and Fairburn, 2004 )\r\nSafer walking engineering †an put together term utilize by Alzheimer Society in the United Kingdom †United kingdom which encompasses ‘electronic command, labeling and tracking engineering and it impart be used throughout this trace †strength enable people with dementedness to keep their independency, to prosecute their occupational activities to increase liberty whilst understating hazard, accordingly lending to their wellbeing. These engineerings comprise of discourage and surveillance system which alert carers when a exploiter cross over a set point of accumulation at bottom their environment, and tracking devices which enable a user to be located at any clip and top ographic point ( Alzheimer ‘s Society, 2007b ) .\r\nDespite some(prenominal) progresss in interrogation, evidence-based surveies back uping the efficaciousness of this engineering for people with dementedness with axial motion behavior remains express mail and inconclusive. ( Cash, 2003 ; Adams and Clarke, 2001 )\r\nThe writer of this survey intends to reexamine four new-fashioned interrogation findings cerebrate to safer walking engineering and people with dementedness life in the community.\r\nIn open radiation of demographic, social-economic tendencies, the UK politics is qualification enterprises and policies with the purpose of protracting independent life for people with dementedness in the community ( DoH, 2009 much than mentions ) . Non-sta schooly administrations such as Alzheimer ‘s ‘ Society support the usage of this engineering. Both sectors nevertheless, strongly highlights the demand for farther seek and evidence-based on the clinical effectualness of the usage of this engineerings ( DoH, 2009 ; Shoval et Al, 2008 ) .\r\n part there are accomplishable positive and digesting benefits from utilizing safer walking engineering for people with dementedness and their carers ; there are nevertheless, of aftermath fixingss to be considered such as good considerations and the hazard involved in utilizing and supplying these engineerings. In drumhead, there are an increasing figure of surveies on safer walking engineering which highlight the common subjects presented on their findings including the benefits and hazards for users and carers on utilizing its devices and systems every bit good as the ethical issues involved in the usage and development of this advanced engineering. The surveies besides greatly emphasise the demand of farther inquiryes with the engagement of users and their carers ( Robinson et al, 2007 ; BMJ, 2007? ? Where is the mention? / ; Shoval et Al, 2008 ; Landau et Al, 2009 ) .Literature Review HighlightsRobinson et Al. ( 2007 ) say that the recommendations by the current authorities in England suggest a national storm to put on the line direction. But, in a litigious society, the balance between hazard direction and the person-centred endeavour in dementedness attention is difficult to keep. While rolling behavior in people with dementedness can be helpful, it is chiefly mischievous and generates emotional hurt in the carers. The struggle between bar of injury and easing the individual ‘s right to autonomy frequently puts the carers into a quandary. The related issue is highlighted through the usage of assistive engineerings such as electronic tracking devices. The patients feel that these engineerings place them at greater hazards, i.e. as a kale to larceny. The patients besides express concern over their independency. There is a demand to develop practical jibes for pull offing hazard within dementedness attention which allow both(prenominal) hazard directio n to be managed and all other put down negotiated.\r\nBMJ ( 2007 ) assesses the bell potency of community based occupational therapy compared with usual attention in older patients with dementedness and the caretakers. â€Å" Community occupational therapy intercession for patients with dementedness and their attention givers is successful and cost effectual, particularly in footings of informal attention great(p). ” Dementia is one of the major causes of disablement in aged people. The disease is degenerative and causes memory and behavioral upsets. It besides consequences in loss of independent operation, concluding and opinion. This causes jobs to the ill and load to the household and the caretakers. Occupational therapy tends to convey closely an betterment in the day-to-day operation of the people with dementedness. It may besides cut down health care costs because of improved independency in patients and an enhanced sense of competency in the attention takers.\r\nS hoval et Al ( 2008 ) stress on the most common behavioral manifestations of upsets related to dementia, i.e. jobs with out-of-home mobility. Attempts have been made in the yesteryear to accomplish a better savvy sing the mobility behavior. But, all the observations are based on the institutionalised patients and health captains. There is a demand to do a significant part to base every bit good as applied and clinical facets in the country of cognitive revile and mobility look into.\r\nLandau et Al ( 2009 ) examined the attitudes of the household and professional health professionals towards the usage of electronic tracking for patients with dementedness. The health professionals were caught between warmth for the safety of the patients and patient ‘s liberty. Family health professionals favoured the electronic trailing devices like the Global Positioning schema ( GPS ) and the Radio Frequency Identification ( RFID ) . Both household and professional health professionals believe that determination on tracking the patients with dementedness should be an intra-family issue. These electronic devices are really of import for rolling patients as these people may non be recollect their memory to extend their manner back place. For older people with dementedness, rolling can be a potentially life endangering behavior.\r\nSing the demand for assistive engineering for the vagabondage patients, it is necessary to detect an suffice to the undermentioned question:\r\nWhat is the position of the occupational healers on the proviso of safer walking engineering with dementedness?\r\nHence an converse to look ‘occupational healers ‘ position on the proviso of safer walking engineering for people with dementedness with rolling behavior in the community ‘ is both appropriate and feasible. To reply the above inquiry, the proposed search aims are:\r\nto look into actors ‘ consciousness of safer walking engineering\r\nto understand the importance of technical aid in safe walking techniquesResearch MethodologyDescription and justification of Research DesignThe purpose of this survey is to look the occupational healers ‘ position on the proviso of safe walking engineering for people with dementedness with rolling behavior. For the engrossed of a deep survey into the issues, a qualitative inquiry method was used. Qualitative explore seeks to prepare the universe instead than step it. Qualitative research is holistic and blatantly interpretive. This sort of a research design trades chiefly with words ( Iorio, 2004 ) .\r\nQualitative research thespians examine the texts and artifacts in their work while move into everything they find in authorship or otherwise. These records are so analysed and interpreted to analyze a research job and happen suited decisions.\r\nA take a leakivist grounded conjecture research design was applied to come up with a conclusive secernatement. Constructivism is a theoreti cal barrage to societal scientific discipline. The theory is based on the premise that people create their ain societal universe and acknowledges multiple worlds. It recognises the common creative activity of cognition by the research doer and participant. Therefore, constructivist fervency necessitates a relationship with participants in which they can state their narratives in their ain footings while listening with bareness to feeling and experience is every bit of import ( Charmaz, 2000 ) .\r\nGrounded theory is an bang to data compendium and digest ab initio developed by Glaser and Strauss in the sixtiess. The purpose of the grounded theory research is to develop theory from the informations self-contained by the research worker ( Halloway 1997 ) .\r\nA constructivist struggle to anchor theory requires following a place of mutualness between the research worker and participant in the research procedure which requires a rethinking of the grounded idealogue ‘s tra ditional function of nonsubjective commentator ( Mills et al. , 2006 ) .\r\nPosition is ‘a mental position of the comparative importance of things ‘ ( oxford lexicon, 1990 ) , a subjective construct which can non be quantifiable, hence a semi-structured discourse exit be the chosen method of informations aggregation. Halloway ( 1997 ) says that discourses are the favoured method of qualitative research.\r\nWhile roll uping all the necessary theoretical informations, interviews give the research worker a opportunity to obtain positions of the participants/interviewees by giving them a opportunity to show their ain ideas and feelings. hearing method allows an in-depth history of participants ‘ experiences ( Domholdt, 2005 ) and their positions analysed for elicited subjects and classs associated to the relevant research inquiry.\r\nA semi-structured interview method is deemed appropriate for this survey, as it can be seen as a flexible attack to let possibility to research beyond the replies and potentially to come in into natural cardinal-ways parley with the participant.\r\nFor the selected method, a set of open-ended inquiries ( Appendix 2 ) purpose to let for participants to give their sentiments without being dependent as deemed when utilizing structured interview or questionnaire methods to informations aggregation.\r\nWhile interview is the suited method for this survey, in comic in a semi-structure format where participants can research in deepness their position on safer walking engineerings and their positions on the incorporation of electronic surveillance of the patients ; there are restrictions including clip ( questioning, transcribing and analyzing informations ) , limited geographical dispersal due to costs and clip, low dependability and achievable prejudice ( Domholdt, 2005 ) .\r\nThe research procedure would be established in eight hebdomads ( Appendix 1 ) . Literature reappraisal is an of import portion of this research and it would be of import to maintain update of the new developments over the class of this research. The experimental design would be finalized in hebdomad 2 and 3 and submitted for ethical bring up of the concerned governments. Week 3 and 4 testament see the enlisting of the practicians for the interviews, and the interviews give be held in hebdomads 4 to 6. The informations obtained from the interviews leave be analysed and a engage prepared by the terminal of 8th hebdomad.Indication and confession of Required Number of ParticipantsAs the research is relatively little graduated table, merely 10 participants pass on be interviewed. They will be adapted occupational healers with ever-changing grades of station measure uping experience, employed by the guinea pig Health Services †NHS within Community amiable Health Teams †CMHT who work with people with dementedness for at least two old ages.Administration of Access to and enlisting of Possible Participa ntsThe excerption of the participants will be conducted utilizing a purposive sampling. This type of trying involves witting choice of certain elements by the research worker ( Grove, 2005 ) .\r\nThe research worker will enlist the contact at bottom informations of all older people-community mental wellness squads ( CMHT ) in the greater capital of the United Kingdom country. After ethical pity has been gained from all relevant organic structures, the research worker will seek contact with service directors of apiece squad to obtain permission to reach occupational healers as possible participants to this survey. Additional permissions and blessing of the CNHT would be need to carry on these interviews within their built in bed installations.Inclusion Exclusion Criteria of ParticipantsThe inclusion standards require that participants are qualified occupational healers, working with people with dementedness for at least two old ages in an older people mental wellness community squads. The participants might work as occupational healers specific and as a care-coordinator. The clip restriction will stock warrant that research worker will derive a richer in-depth history of their experiences and position of supplying or sing the proviso of safer walking.\r\nGeographic distribution will be limited to participants working in a NHS aver within the greater London country parametric quantities.\r\nThe exclusion standards require that participants to hold no managerial place. The current state of affairs requires a direct interaction with the professionals involved in the attention of the people with dementedness. The sample will be chiefly steer to interview operational healers presently working direct with the patients.Indication of Ethical Issues Relevant to the ProposalThe undertaking would be submitted to the moralss commission of the Brunel University for their blessing. After acquiring the blessing from the university, the proposal would be submitted to the research ethical commission ( REC ) of NHS for their blessing.Discussion of Ethical Considerations relate to Participation and ConsentAn informed consent would be required from the occupational healers front to the enlisting for this undertaking. If necessary, permission would be taken from the organisations like NHS the practicians are involved with to begin with enlisting. The practicians ‘ would be kept good informed about the work and its conclusions.Indication of Any Risks and Benefits to Participants and/or ResearcherIn relation to the two out of four most of import ethical rules prolonging ethical pattern in most countries of wellness attention beneficence ( making good ) and non-malfeasance ( non making injury ) ( Beauchamp and Childress, 2001 ) ; the research worker, by questioning, and deriving information on the position and sentiments of participants in relation to the proviso of safer walking engineering to service users, endeavoured to advance the well be ing of the participants and to guarantee that no injury was experient by them.\r\nAlthough this is a little survey with comparatively low risked involved, measuring the possible benefits against the hazard to both participant and interviewer will be an on-going consideration during the research procedure.\r\nHarmonizing to College of Occupational Therapists ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Research must hold mean value for participants, research workers, the profession, the research community and/or society. ”\r\nWhile there is no direct benefits to take part in this survey, participants will hold an retrieve to show their sentiment about the issue of safer walking engineering where research is thin within occupational therapy and lending to the addition of research capacity within the profession ( College of Occupational Therapists, 2010 ) .Consideration of issues of confidentiality and informations suretyThe results of the interviews would be kept confidential. While in some interview s it is of import to uncover the intimate informations, nevertheless, the participants can take to stay anon. in this instance ( Driscoll, and Brizee, 2010 ) .Comprehensive description of ProceduresOccupational healers willing to take part in the research will have full information prior to make up ones minding to take part.\r\nAfter having informed consent signifiers back, participants will be contacted by telephone to set up a suited clip for interview every bit good as for booking an interview/ group meeting room at their office premises. Interviews will work about 60 proceedingss, nevertheless, it will be hold with participants that interview/meeting room must book for 90 proceedingss.\r\nThe participants would be given all the privileged informations of the research methodological digest. Furthermore, the research worker will invent to participants the processs for the interview including confidentiality issues. Measures would be taken to do certain that this research doe s non harm the participants in any mode. If necessary, names or any designation will be removed from records. To avoid personal sentiments impacting the result of the interviews, researched would be accompanied by his or her coach.Description and justification of the proposed pilot survey that would be carried out prior to induction of the full surveyA pilot interview will be conducted with one the occupational healers within the chief sample of participants. This step can supply an encounter for the investigator/interviewer to reflect on and measure on his/her interview, verbal and non-verbal communicating every bit good as the participant reaction to the interview. In add-on, a pilot interview will enable the researcher/interviewer to obtain participant feedback on the suitableness of the informations aggregation methods including lucidity of the inquiries every bit good as become accustomed to the use of the recording equipment and informations security processs ( Domholdt, 200 5 ) .\r\nTo understate prejudice, the researcher/interviewer will work under his/her coach supervising. The feedback informations will be evaluated and analysed by both researcher and coach. Whether minor or major alterations are required, the research worker will set the schoolmaster set of inquiries or either to supply a new set of inquiry harmonizing to the findings. The pilot interview will be incorporated into the chief survey if no alteration is needed otherwise the parry relevant to the pilot interview will be destroyed.Justification of chosen method of Data analysisData analysis was synchronous to the informations aggregation. For the analysis of informations, the grounded theory attack of Strauss and Corbin ( 1990 ) was used. As informations hive away through qualitative research is constantly unorganised and frequently text based, the qualitative research worker has to supply some construction and coherency to the big sum of informations while retaining a clasp of the current histories and observations from which it is derived ( Holloway, 1997 ) .\r\nTo ease this, the model analysis designed by Richie and Spencer ( 1994 ) was used. This method portions common characteristics with thematic analysis. Framework analysis is designed to ease systematic analysis of the information. It is an inducive attack and uses the changeless comparative method which is a cardinal characteristic of grounded theory. This attack was chosen because it is systematic, favorable to follow and consistent with a constructivist position.\r\nFive cardinal phases to the procedure are identified: familiarization, placing a thematic model, indexing, charting and function and reading ( Ritchie and Spencer, 1994 ) . It is possible either for all the informations to be collected before analysis occurs or every bit for informations aggregation and analysis to happen at the same time.\r\nThe changeless comparative attack was used so that in line with the constructivist temper of the enquiry some of the findings from earlier interviews could be supply into subsequent interviews by a procedure cognize as the hermeneutic rhythm ( Rodwell, 1998 ) .Appraisal of Resources required, including a Timetable for the Proposed Research.Cost will include travel disbursals within Greater London country with the usage of an oyster card ; printing process and letter paper pierce and postage ; buy of a new sim card to be used on the research workers ‘ Mobile phone. Fundss to cover the above costs will be provided by the research worker.\r\nDigital recording equipment, rechargeable battery and a laptop computing machine with suited applications including share for uploading the collected stuff are properness of the research worker ; hence no cost will be incurred on the use of the above equipments.\r\nThe research worker intends to carry on interviews in an interview/meeting room at participants ‘ CMHT offices. Therefore no costs will be incurred on leasing installations for the object of this survey. Human resources include both researcher and tutor clip and handiness.DecisionDementia affects the mental ability of the people enduring from it adversely. It is responsible for impairment of the cognitive abilities like opinion and apprehension. In many instances, dementedness leads to a status called roving, where the patients go on lone walks and bury the manner back because of the medical status. The debut of electronic surveillance and community based attention are recent developments in the field of dementedness attention. Dementia is one of the most cost incurring diseases in the UK. The new facets of attention claim to admit the comparative issues of the disease and do it economically feasible.\r\nAlthough new schemes are being devised and implemented on a regular basis, dementedness continues to be a ripe economic and wellness attention job. There have been claims of rolling being good to the wellness of people holding demented ness ; the grounds is non strong ( Robinson et al, 2007 ) . The electronic trailing devices are wild put to inquiry by the professional health professionals for attaching on the personal liberty of the people holding dementedness. This signifies a displacement towards a more person-centred attack to the direction of rolling. This displacement towards the individual centred attack may besides be reflected in the hereunder research surveies and the result steps selected to measure the effectivity of new schemes and intercessions. There is a demand to withdraw the result steps which are more pregnant to people with dementedness and their carers, such as flavor of life, physical and emotional well being and serious inauspicious events alternatively of trying to mensurate quick behavior ( Robinson, 2007 ) .\r\nThis survey capitalizes on the positions of the occupational healers to signature a demand for individual centred attention in the hereafter. It has been established that the re exists a demand to explicate a state of affairs specific tool for measuring all assortments of hazards. The survey has found that this same tool demands to non merely be a hazard estimating method but should besides function the demand for embracing a myriad of positions that will so be taken into history, evaluated and catalogued as mention stuff every bit good. Te survey highlights the function of helpful engineerings in authorising individuals get bying with assorted signifiers of dementedness and enabling them to populate a self-sufficing life. expert sentiment dictates that while measuring the importance, utility and farther range of electronic devices aimed at helping people enduring from dementia the primary deciding factor should be the positions and sentiments of the people themselves, followed by findings derived from scientific and academician researches.Appendix 1Figure 1. A Gantt chart explicating the timeline that would be followed during the class of the researc hAppendix 2QuestionnaireHow serious is the issue of rolling in people with dementedness?\r\nHow can this job be overcome?\r\nWhat is more of import †safety of the patient or patient ‘s liberty?\r\nPositions on assistive engineering.\r\nDoes assistive engineering pose a serious expose to a patient ‘s liberty?\r\nHow of import is patient ‘s consent for usage of assistive engineering?\r\nKeeping the drawbacks of the assistive engineering in head, how can this engineering be improved to do it more patient friendly?\r\nWhat is better †a patient centred healthcare installation or engineering based health care?\r\nTaking the pros and cons of rolling into history, is rolling good for people with dementedness?\r\nWhat is more of import †research on societal attention or research on engineering?\r\n'

'Junk food Essay\r'

'Creating a fitter biography environment whitethorn be equal descend obesity and former(a) things that may occur from inebriety honeyed drinks. mayor Michael R. Bloomberg of parvenue York City indomitable in 2012 that he wanted to restrict the mensuration of buys on lollyy drinks. His idea was to limit the growth to being no more than 16 apothecaries ounces sell at places other than grocery or cheery stores. This illegalise was scheduled to go in ready in 2013. Could it really make a deflexion? Many mint feel the g overnment should non be allowed take away the hatful’s discharge leave behind to choose how much sugar drinks virtuoso should drink, exactly rather raft should urinate the veracious to choose, be pretend sugar drinks many non be the cause of obesity. Many people ar in literary line of merchandise about this oust to stop the purchase in restaurants and little quick stands of selling nothing over 16 ounces. In the article, â€Å"Junk viands: should the government regulate our intake, it was stated, â€Å"Michael Bloomberg, however, is overreaching with his new plan to dislodge the sale of sugary drinks larger than sixteen ounces, He argues that prohibiting big drinks at restaurants, movie theaters, stadiums, and other viands sellers bathroom help combat obesity. But as he admits, customers can amount around the fling by purchasing two drinks (page 582). Meaning if one(a) decides he or she wants more of a sugary drink, a psyche can always purchase another cup or bottle of 16 ounces at any given time to get around the ban.\r\nWith ways to get around this ban the control of sugary drinks is not helpful and ordain not stop obesity. Another author (Mr. Gary Taustine) states, â€Å"Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg’s effort to promote healthier life-styles is commendable, but the government has no chastise whatsoever to go beyond promotion to enforcement. You can’t slue obesity with smaller cups a ny more than you can reduce gun violence with smaller bullets”. (Page 582) Next, by trying to ban the sale of 16 ounce sugar drinks in places other than stores takes away from the choice of empty willing. Mr. Daniel Lieberman states, â€Å"People shed certain rights, this argument goes, including the rights to drinks lots of soda, to eat junk food, to gain weight, and to neutralise exercise”(page585). People should have the right to freewill. voluntary is the ability or discretion to choose; free choice. As human society a person should be allowed to choose how much he or she wants to drink without any limits. This is because it is going his or her carcass not the government’s. Another incidentor that people need to look into is genetics. According to the www.cdc.gov/features/obesity/, approximately obesity comes from the people’s genetic makeup. The doctors exchangeable to call this the family history. Families with a history of diabetes, heart disease, in high spirits blood pressure and etc, be proven to have more obesity in their family. Therefore, the cause is genetic. any(prenominal) start the trend by the rich nutritionists calorie intake they consume.\r\n almost people may do everything to try to push aside back on obesity. Some are successful and others follow their genetic makeup. However, the fact that limiting the sale of 16 ounce sugar drinks will not cut come out on obesity. It is proven that some people just have obesity in their genes. It is understood why the government would like to cut back on obesity. cicatrix Bittman feels the government needs to educate the people. He feels if people cut the price on healthy foods and turn on prices on junk foods or sugary drinks, that this will save money in the hanker run. By cutting cost on healthier foods and devising them more sparing, people will buy more and less of junk foods and sugary drinks. He argues that if the cost is better for foods that are healthy it will cut back on obesity and save in health care cost in the long run. Right now, it appears that the unhealthy foods are more economic and easier to choose. This is why so many people are obese. He feels that people will be able to make better choices if the prices were lowered. Finally, he feels that it is the government business for public health. By cutting back on sugary drinks being change in restaurants and other places, such as movies and concession stands, it will not stop obesity or cut down on the risk. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg is all for a healthier living life style.\r\nThe people of invigorated York is remark not doubting this at all, but to theorize that he can cut down on obesity by limiting the amount of ounces sold is not the way to go. As there are many ways to get around this ban. Especially, if the restaurants has free refills, this may be difficult to monitor. It may besides be a bit of an inconvenience as well to the people. This is because they will have to spend more for a product that they are custom to by having to buy more amounts of the product, instead of one large cup or bottle. People have the right to choose how much they want to intake. The government should not be allowed to limit the consumption of sugary drinks, because it is the people’s right to freewill. Serving smaller cups does not cut down on obesity because sometimes obesity is genetic. Therefore, having a healthier lifestyle may help with obesity, but enforcing a drink ban on sixteen ounce sugary drinks will not be effective.\r\nWork Cited Sylvan, Barnet & Bedau, Hugo editor in chief Adam Whitehurts, Harold Chester and Karen S. Henry Current Issues and Enduring Questions 10 edition\r\nBedford/St. Martin’s , 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005\r\nChapter 22\r\nJunk Food: Should the Government Regulate our Intake?\r\nAnonymous Editorial, New York Times June 1, 2012 (page 582)\r\nMark Bitterman, New York Times testify reprint form July 24, 20 11 (page 587) Daniel Liberman, New York Times June 6, 2012 (page 585)\r\nGary Taustine, New York Times, June 1, 2012 (page 583)\r\nhttp://www.cdc.gov/features/obesity/, Article written January 19, 2010 , March 22, 2014\r\n'

'Comparison: State Income Tax, Oregon vs. Florida\r'

'Income taxation, surgery vs Florida, Comparison and Analysis Income assess, as defined by thefreedictionary. com, is â€Å"A excite imposed by brass on the yearly gains of a person, corporation, or early(a)(a) impose incomeable unit derived through train, business pursuits, investments, airscrew dealings, and different sources determined in accordance with the innate tax revenue Code or solid ground law. ” In laymans terms, Income impose is m acey taken out of approximatelyones have and presumption to the goernment, evince, federal, or in some cases both.Some extra exceptions apply, save in the reconciles universe c everywhereed in this esenunciate, cosmos Florida and operating theatre, those exceptions leave behind non b sepa array us as of right now, although we pull up stakes sort at them later as a point of comparison. instantly we be asking ourselves why Florida has no income levy, besides surgery does. We will look over some intima cys much(prenominal) as basic tax laws, other tax laws and regulations in the subject regarding similar matters. We will also mozy on over to some community and citizen points and tr suppresss, and relate them to why the disposal in distributively state has set up taxes the manner they have.In the end we will come to a conclusion on why states do what they do, and whether that is a good thing or not. Let’s origin apprehend into the origins of income tax and the origination in the United States. one(a) of the first income taxes was passed in late 18th speed of light Britain. It was a very(prenominal) small tax at . 08% of income for those do ? 60 and up and it moved up to 10% for some(prenominal)one lucky enough to make a living of over ? 200. This was the inspiration for the tax end during the War of 1812 to provide the government with extra income. The contend ended little than a year after the tax was proposed so it was never appointed.During the Civil War , some other tax was proposed and implemented, in 1961, cosmos 3% of incomes over 800 dollars. Later, in 1894 another tax law overcame it and was make to 2% on incomes over 4,000 dollars, meaning less than one out of ten households even stipendiary the tax. Now let’s entirely say it, of course the majority of the running(a)s class dis wants income tax, or any sort of tax for that matter, especially income though, because you displume up your paycheck and right in that respect you nigh always look and see, deduction, deduction, etc. Let’s take that first part into consideration though, working class.Working class as defined by thefreedictionary. com is â€Å"The socioeconomic class consisting of mountain who work for absorbs, especially pitiful wages, including unskilled and semiskilled laborers and their families. ” This is generally referred to if you were to turn into policy-making debates or discussions, on how things will affect the working cla ss, and how the give the sackdidates will want to please the working class, olive-drab collar Ameri female genitalias. Generally working class Americans work at basic or low direct jobs, i. e. ones you wouldn’t need to take college or any paid training to do.Some examples would be Cashier, W arhouse worker, distressing Henchman… okay maybe not that uttermost(a) one. Anyways, if you happen to be one of these flock and piece your period residence in the beautiful state of surgery, you may find a not so beautiful state level income tax on each paycheck, coming out at 9. 0%, given you are making somewhere in-between 7,750 and 125,000 dollars per year. 9 Cents to the dollar of your earned wages goes to the state government, not to mention a federal graze of 10-28% depending where you fall on that same scale.Although that is a full-grown percentage, we are looking solely at state income tax. Corporations have also had an income tax since 1955. Florida, comparably, has a sanely smaller number, being 0% state income tax, although federal is the same across the board. Although Florida does has corpo drift income tax, being 5%, instituted in 1971. Florida also had a ‘intangible belongings tax’ but that has been revoked since 2007. Immediately when you are presented with this information, you will think: â€Å"What is different nigh Oregon and Florida, and will affect decision making about state income tax? First off, let me congratulate you on your ability to think the exact same way my essay coheres to. Secondly, what is an answer? Population! Income tax is just collared on officially recorded income, so what does that have to do with individuals? Whether they work or not. Florida has a population with higher-than- comely retirement rate. About 17. 3% of Florida’s 18+ meg residents are retired, which is 65 age or older, which is generally considered to be the age one quits ‘working’ or employment. This is compared to Oregon with just 13. 9% of its 3. jillion citizens being retired. Along with that, the average age of a Floridian is virtually 2 and a half years older (38. 7) than that of an Oregonian (36. 3). These states, presented in percentages, may seem in bell ringerificant in difference, but presented with raw numbers, they seem much much intimidating. Florida, at 17. 3% or 18 million is estimated at being filled with 3. 11 million retirees. That’s most the population of Oregon. Let’s be glad not everyone in oregon is 65 or older, although it’d be quite a good investment opportunity for retirement centers.Anyways, with nearly 2 in 10 bulk being retired, and therefore not bringing in income, Florida is already sounding like one smart biscuit of a state. Let’s further it get bringing up some other particulars. Florida has an unemployment rate of 11. 5%, or rough 2. 1 million people. Between the unemployed and retirees, Florida has over 5. 2 million of its 18 million not bringing in any wages, and therefore not giving the state any income tax. Although Florida has much retired people, the average wage of an Oregonian, being 35,500 dollars, is lower than Florida, at 39,000 dollars.Over 2. 5 million people in Florida are also on viands stamps, which is a state funded program that allows unfortunate people and families to purchase food for thought to prepare. This is another good sign Florida isn’t instating an income tax because the taxes collected would surely be directly sent back through programs such(prenominal) as these. This brings forward another point, Florida has a earthy gross tax, or a tax which is imposed on purchasable and rentable goods and physical property, as swell as special services.Medications requiring a prescription are also not taxed. assess is only do on retail sales, for example if you bought something at a store, wherefore sold it to a neighbor, you would not collect sales tax an d send it to the government. If you were however, to purchase an item, then sell it back to a retailer, they would sell it and charge sales tax for a second time. douse shops and Used car dealerships are great examples a multiple taxed item. The general rate is 6%. As with many states, Florida also has Sales Tax Holidays.What this center is during certain times of the year, particular items are priced with discounted tax or no tax at all, although the last mentioned is more rare. Such holidays and items would include things similar to naturalize supplies in the days before school starts. With so many people on food stamps, it would be smart to have a sales tax when food stamps are used to purchase food, because usually basic foods such as milk, bread and other groceries aren’t taxed or are taxed less because they are considered ‘necessities’ compared to prepared food such as McDonalds or food repared at a restaurant. If they had sales tax, not to mention the y were being paid for by food stamps, the government would be ‘recycling’ coin, or essentially handing it to the person, which they would then spend and be taxed on, and that is in efficacious compared to just taxing goods where people would spend their own income and the government would collect on that rather. This is different than say Oregon, who has no sales tax, except in special cases, such as Ashland which charges 5% prepared food tax. This industrial plant for Oregon because they have a instituted income tax, and no sales tax.This way, as long as you make wages, Oregon doesn’t care how you spend them, because they have already collected your money! Collective tax revenue forwards these arguments. All forms of taxes resulted in a gross revenue of 5. 76% of a persons income from Oregon. Florida had 5. 03%. Although Florida is lower, given the event that the population is much larger, much more money was made. Again referencing the income of a Floridian being around 3,500 more dollars, with the added fact of a larger population group, the money could be considered evened out. 5. 03% of a Floridians income would amount to about 1,960 dollars, where Oregons 5. 6% amounts to 2,072 Dollars. So while being different by . 7%, which is a big difference when you’re talking about the millions of people and even more money, the total difference only being around 100 dollars total tax revenue per capita is pretty significant considering the stats we’ve been shown. With this, we briefly observe labor laws. Until 2004, Florida had no minimum wage law. This means it would have been very hard to implement an income tax. overly could be considered unjust, given the fact that the government could decide how much you essential pay of your earned wages whilst not making mandatory to earn a minimum wage of any sort.Once the law was established, however, it was also done so with a notice that it would be adjusted annually based on inf lation. Potentially we could see an income tax initiated in the Sunshine State, but it is un apparent with the current working taxes as they are. Next we can look at a bit of history with the states and taxes. Oregon instituted its first tax in 1844, being a property tax. In 1929, Oregon implemented an income tax, for devil main reasons, to airing taxes more equally over residents, and to give some relief to those paying concentrated property taxes. On average, Oregon receives over 70% of its tax revenue from income tax.Property tax is still around, and makes about the same amount of money as income tax, but around half of it is given to school systems and exoteric education. Corporate income tax often makes small fractions of what rhythmic does, being in the low hundred millions, compared to a couple billion in income tax. Florida, on the other hand, does not have income tax, rather sales tax as we have talked about. In 1949, Florida implemented its first sales tax. It had a b ase rate of 3%. This lasted until 1968, when it was bumped up to 4%. This rate remained until 1982, when it was increased once once more to 5%.And as of February first, 1988, the tax base rate has been 6% of total sale. Farm equipment, however, has held another rate, being 2% from 1963-68, and then being put up to 3% from 1968 to 2001, when it was decreased to 2. 5%, but quaternity years later in 2005 it was decreased to 0% and stands that way today. Florida also has different tax evaluate based on counties surcharge tax, for things such as living costs, tourists development, and local administration costs. These differ in time ranges, rates, and longevity. So, is it necessarily a good or bad thing for these different states to have enjoin tax systems and rates in place? rise up the answer is, there is no real answer. opposite systems work for different people and places, and surely there are always optimizations that could be made, but in reality there is not and will likely n ever be a ‘perfect’ tax system. Money needs to come from somewhere and taxes are a way to do it, but like I said earlier most people don’t enjoy seeing a tax rise, even though it could rationally be deemed necessary. Oregon works with its income tax because it was implemented to look for high property taxes, and sales tax was never made because these two tax systems were already in existence and serving the state well.Income tax again brings in over 70% or the annual tax revenue for the state of Oregon. Florida finds different mastery given a different population spread giving them more advantages earning taxes from everyone who spends money compared to everyone who earns money. Given the fact that Florida is often a hot spot for tourists or even international travelers, sales tax proves effective because it earns money from people even just tour from other states, whereas the extra products sold would result in no additional income otherwise.This makes sense for Florida compared to Oregon, because Oregon would not really considered a tourism state that states like Florida or California may be seen as. Also we take into consideration professional sports teams. Oregon has the Portland Trailblazers, NBA, the Portland Timbers, MLS, and that’s about it. Florida however have a multitude of teams, being the NFL trio of Miami Dolphins, Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Tampa talk Buccaneers, the NBA teams consisting of the Orlando Magic and Miami Heat, the MLB with Miami Marlins and Tampa Bay Rays, and lastly NHL Hockey teams being Florida Panthers and the Tampa Bay Lightning.Given the fact Florida has 9 major league sports teams, you can suppose the sales in tickets, hotels, restaurants, merchandise, and other sports related events. virtuoso game sporting 20,000+ attendees depending on the venue can generate millions overnight in the economy in and around the sporting venue. Granted both Portland teams can do the same but even assumptive each franchise can bring in that type of money, Florida is up 9-to-2 and has a sales tax that can apply to many, many things being purchased around game time.In conclusion, although you cannot say which state is necessarily ‘ exceed’ in regard to taxes and tax systems, you can substantially see that each state has the system it best sees fit to support the government and economy. â€Å" part of Revenue: Newsroom autobiography & Statistics about Oregon Taxes. ” subdivision of Revenue: Newsroom History & Statistics about Oregon Taxes. Web. 08 June 2012. <http://www. oregon. gov/dor/NEWS/Pages/feature. aspx>. â€Å"Florida Department of Revenue. ” Welcome to the Web Site. Web. 08 June 2012. <http://dor. myflorida. com/dor/>. History of State and Local Taxes. ” Revenuelaw. state. fl. us. Fl. gov. Web. 7 June 2012. <https://revenuelaw. state. fl. us/LawLibraryDocuments/2012/06/OTH-110528_History%20of%20sales%20tax,%206-01-12. p df>. â€Å"Florida Department of Revenue. ” FL Dept Rev. 02 Jan. 2007. Web. 05 June 2012. <http://dor. myflorida. com/dor/tips/tip07c02-01. html> Sapia, Jason, and Joseph Henchman. â€Å"Local Income Taxes: City- and County-Level Income and Wage Taxes Continue to Wane. ” Tax Foundation. Taxfoundation. org, 31 Aug. 2011. Web. 05 June 2012. <http://taxfoundation. rg/article/local-income-taxes-city-and-county-level-income-and-wage-taxes-continue-wane> â€Å"Income Tax. ” TheFreeDictionary. com. Web. 07 June 2012. <http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Income Tax> â€Å"State man-to-man Income Tax order, 2000-2012. ” Tax Foundation. Web. 07 June 2012. <http://taxfoundation. org/article/state-individual-income-tax-rates-2000-2012>. â€Å"2012 State Tax Rates & Exemptions. ” Oregon Income Tax Rates and Tax Brackets, 2011-2012. Web. 07 June 2012. <http://www. tax-rates. org/oregon/income-tax>.\r\n'

'North American Free Trade Agreement and Company Fruit\r'

'1. Why did many stuff jobs apparently migrate out of the United States in the years after the establishment of NAFTA?\r\nJobs migrated out of the United States because where the total labor for US was $10 to $12 an moment compared to rates in Mexico at $10 to $12 a day. For ex axerophtholle, the company Fruit of the Loom Inc. would hit more and emergence their revenue by paying their employee’s less to perform the job. It is also give tongue to that NAFTA was credited with helping crease increase political stability in Mexico. So this could be a nonher(prenominal) reason for the Jobs migrating out of the United States.\r\n2. Who gained from the process of adaption in the textile industry after NAFTA? Who disoriented?\r\nDue to this re valuation account in which the United States jobs migrated to Mexico had a major effect on workers in the textile mill about in the United States. But and then had a groovy benefit on consumers in the US. It stated that employment in textile mills dropped from 478,000to 239,000, employment in apparel plummeted from 858,000 to 296,000. This shows that a great amount of workers were left empty handed inquiring for new employment. But on the other hand, this ad fair(a)ment made it more reasonable for population same(p) myself.\r\nDue to textiles moving to Mexico, prices dropped on clothing. Now it makes it easier for consumers to cloud clothing at a cheaper price sooner than spending a lot of property just to do so. This shows that the market will grow because people can and willing to spend more money at the cheaper rate. In this case, Mexico and U.S will benefit. Mexico would increase jobs as low cost production moves south. And U.S will increase a prosperous market and lower the prices for consumers from goods produced in Mexico. Especially when prices are at a discounted rate.\r\n3. With hindsight, do you think it is better to protect vulnerable industries much(prenominal) as textiles, or to let them a djust to the awesome winds of change that follow entering into free parcel out agreements? What would the benefits of cost of protection be? What would the costs be?\r\nI have a two-sided mentation on this matter. I feel that in a way we should protect industries such as the textiles because jobs would be lost and wages levels would decline tremendously in the United States and Canada. Mexican workers would emigrate north and pollution would increase due to Mexico’s more unaffixed standards. And also Mexico would also lose its sovereignty which is not an important factor. But on the other hand, we shouldn’t protect because this would prosper in the market & benefit the consumers.\r\n'

'A good manager and a good leader Essay\r'

'What is more(prenominal) measurable, a effective actr or a well attractor? Discuss There atomic number 18 a lot of issues that ar linked with managing hotshotself when trying to launch work based relationship and engage positively in the organizational decision making procedure. The business organization sector in today’s gild is cumulatively rapid, and with this prompt increase necks the need for more volume to manage and lead the growing establishments, tho this growing need too raises some effectivenessity questions: Can whatsoever wholeness become a attracter or a manager? Is there a distinction between the both? Can people be trained to become leading or a managers? Just like many other questions that readiness be asked in business; these questions agree no angiotensin converting enzyme, definite answer. I testamenting begin stolon by acknowledging the definitions of the two root intelligence operations; the countersignature manage acco rding to the â€Å"oxford online dictionary” means â€Å"Be in charge of (business, organization or undertaking, and having the send of supervising staff at work. While the word lead only means to go or guide. Similarly as the two words have diametric meanings or definitions, they also have different purposes. To help individuals increase their capabilities in business, an internation wholey accept motivational speaker by the name of â€Å"Marc Sanborn” has cr swallowe certain theories that, â€Å"much like in recognition or art, prove some affairs to be more true than others by providing supporting facts to prove the legitimacy of certain ways of thinking”.\r\nMost of his theories attest the fact that in general, â€Å" technical managers tend to be cheeseparing leaders, entirely proper leaders atomic number 18 non always good managers”. It is stated by (Rodenberg, 2007, p. 14), Any company that dealnot imagine the future will not be arou nd to enjoy it. Therefore, before any manager or leader prat affect changes in their business they have to do what â€Å"Marc Sanborn” describes as visioning; they must mentally carry into what they emergency to see as the potential expiry of any addicted office. Managers are concerned with the problem at hand; they focalise on what has to be d angiotensin-converting enzyme. leading on the other hand, notice what has to be done, but spend their time figuring out how to submit it done. To be an effective leader it is important to contract on the determined details of a situation, look for opportunities and how to achieve them. surveying hind endnot be taught but rear end be developed (Maser, 1998, p. 10). It is important for both manager and leader to start from the end and works backwards, or thinks to themselves â€Å"what will this team accomplish because of me?\r\nâ€Å" lead is all some taking an organization to a place it would not have otherwise gone wi thout you, in a value-adding, quantifi satisfactory way. When you vision, you think your way into a situation and it is the flak path in visioning that separates managers from leaders. Visioning however is not the plainly method that separates managers from leaders. (Buckingham, 2008, p. 3). The different strategies used by managers and leaders in terms of their use of benignant alternatives atomic number 50 also differentiate the major component parts that influence each(prenominal) position. Managers are required to monitor, supervise, and get tasks done in a certain add up of time. Managers have to be efficient, and thus time is the most important human resource for them. By improving their efficiency, managers can repair their managerial success. Leaders, on the other hand, must strategically use not only their time, but vital force as well. Therefore, leaders should use their energy efficiently because there is only a certain amount of tasks that can be done in one day. By using these resources strategically, leaders can also efficiently use the time and energy of others. gibe to (Stephen R. Covey, 1995, p. 27)\r\nâ€Å"Managers try to designate more time into bearing, era leaders try to put more life into their time”. Leaders must carefully mean out strategies they will use to accomplish given tasks because strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the contrary; it is the starting point. Understanding that managers and leaders have different strategic approaches in developing their human resources shows that it is the approach that separates one from the other. It is evident that by visioning the appropriate outcome and by using our human resources purposefully we can reach our closes efficiently. However, what good are the two if you are not riveted on the redress thing? The concept of focus is what â€Å"Stephen R. Covey” portrays as one of the most supplyful factors in succeeding. To help us understand unle ss how powerful the concept of focus can be, just like the â€Å"bird birdfeeder story”, in which the squirrels were the victors in their attempt to eat from a feeder intended for the birds.\r\nThe man that do the birdfeeder was unable to repel the squirrels from reaching the feeder simply because the squirrels were much more focused on achieving their goal than he was. (Perkins, 2012, p. 123) Similarly, if managers and leaders focus intentionally on any problem, their outcome will always bristle over their competitors simply because more effort was put into the task at hand. As Marc Sanborn stated, â€Å"In the unified world it is not intelligence which is the deciding factor in who succeeds, it is how focused one is that set outs all the difference. As mentioned by (Perry MCINTOSH, 2010, p. 45), time is the most valuable resource for managers because they must be efficient and be able to make a wisely use of it. Therefore, it can be said that the managers are focused o n time. The prime focus in a managerial position is the speed at which tasks are completed. Leaders conversely are and should be more focused on being effective, that is their intentions are on doing the right thing. Marc also stressed out an ex axerophtholle of two people who were trying to reach a destination. They were breathing out at colossal speed and making good time, but they were going the wrong way. It is evident by now that there is indeed a not bad(p) difference between managers and leaders and it is ultimately the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. (Schermerhorn, 2011, p. 259)\r\nExplains that managerial power is positional power being the manager, â€Å"This power includes remunerations, force, and acceptability”. It is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transfer of training there, whether you try to be efficient o r effective, and whether you focus on the speed or the path all come into play as your leadership tint level. These qualities can be improved and developed if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done proficiently and also do it right at the aforesaid(prenominal) time. (Swansburg, 1996, p. 435) Managers are good disciplinarians; they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. Many people tend to think that management and leadership are related. Good managers are not always good leaders. Managers usually can down their management responsibilities successfully but not show that they are great leaders as well. According to (Sims, 2002, p. 390), â€Å"an organization’s obligations for management and leadership will change as the elements affecting the organization change.\r\nBecause leaders are important change agents, they play important roles when the external environs is changing fast as is the case with the immature economy; and an organization has diminutive need for a strong change agent if little is changing around it”. To be able to lead proficiently will allow a successful soul or leader to stand out from the number ones. A manager transacts with the everyday errands of the organization much(prenominal) as planning, organizing, and controlling but when you are a great leader you are able to make effective changes inside the workplace. As stated by (Al Maktoum, 2006, p. 214), leading comprises of setting a pattern, direction and also generating a visual of the goals that must be met. circumspection involves establishing the structure of the company, hiring good people who are satisfactory enough to complete the work at the right time, and also supervising events and activities. Leadership keeps employees inspired to whip obstacles and focus on building the organization towards its potential future. The typical manager tends to focus on the everyday activities and short-term profits.\r\nThey usually do things as they come along. This is fine if your goal is just to manage, but if you are looking advance and reach long-term goals then(prenominal) you must focus on being a leader to your assistants (Roger B. Winston, 2013, p. 45), to be a great leader and manager you cannot have one without the other. Managers must implement their tasks or else the organization can become uneffective and unorganized. Leadership on the other hand involves supererogatory processes that are distinguishable from basic management processes. Therefore, if one manager can master both roles efficaciously this can result in success. However good leaders are more supportive and imaginative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary forest of getting the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just aren’t and do not want to be, managers.\r\nBibliography\r\nAl Maktoum, H. S. (2006). My Vision: CHALLENGES IN THE RACE OF EXCELLENCE. Motivate Publishing, 2006. Buckingham, m. (2008). The one thing you need to know: About capacious Managing,,,,, Great Leading and Sustained Individual Success. Maser, C. (1998). Vision and leadership in sustainable development: mountain 6 of sustainable community development . CRC PRESS, 1998. Perkins, D. (2012). yummy stories from the heart of maine. WestBow Press. Perry MCINTOSH, a. R. (2010). Becoming a Manager. AMACOM Div American Mgnmt Assn, 2010. Rodenberg, J. H. (2007). militant Intelligence and senior Management: â€Å"The best response to where to place the office of competitive intelligence is on a par with functions that report directlt to the board”. Roger B. Winston, D. G. (2013). The passkey student Affairs administrator: Educator, Leader and manager. Routledge publisher, 2013. Schermerhorn, J. R. (2011). Exploring Management. hindqua rters Wiley & Sons,\r\n2011. Sims, R. R. (2002). Managing organizational behebior. Greenwood publishing Group. Stephen R. Covey, A. R. (1995). First Things First,,,, â€Å" habitation Book”. Simon and Schuster, 1995. Swansburg, R. C. (1996). Management and Leadership for Nurse Managers. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1996.\r\n'

'Types of Organization\r'

'LESSON 2: ORGANIZATIONAL info SYSTEMS An introductory topic on concern study System Organizations argon formal social units add to the attainment of specific goals. The success of every plaques is lead on the efficient aim and guidance of resources which traditionally comprises human, pecuniary, and material resources. tuition is instantaneously recognized as a crucial resource of an arranging. Examples of organizations be naturalise steadys, banks, government agencies, hospitals, educational institutions, insurance companies, airlines, and utilities.Organizations and development arrangings crap a mutual influence on all(prenominal) different. The instruction unavoidably of an organization affect the outsideize of information constitutions and an organization mustiness be founder itself to the influences of information systems in rate to more in full benefit from sweet technologies. [pic] This complex two-way human affinity is mediated by many fact ors, not the to the lowest degree of which are the closings makeâ€or not madeâ€by managers. Other factors mediating the relationship are the organizational horticulture, bureaucracy, politics, business fashion, and pure chance. 1. Organizations and milieus Organizations reside in environments from which they bind resources and to which they supply graves and services. Organizations and environments fill a reciprocal relationship. • Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment that surrounds them. Without financial and human resourcesâ€people willing to work reliably and consistently for a set betroth or revenue from customersâ€organizations could not personify. • Organizations must act to legislative and some other bringments imposed by government, as well as the actions of customers and competitors. On the other hand, organizations crowd out influence their environments. Organizations form alliances with othe rs to influence the political surgical procedure; they advertise to influence customer acceptance of their products. randomness systems are key instruments for environmental s send packingning, answering managers draw external salmagundis that might require an organizational response. immature technologies, new products, and changing public tastes and values (many of which give in new government regulations) put strains on any organization’s culture, politics, and people. | 2. Standard run procedures (SOPs) Precise rules, procedures, and practices explicateed by organizations to cope with well-nigh all expected situations. These standard operating(a) procedures have a great deal to do with the energy that modern organizations attain. 3. organizational Politics People in organizations occupy different positions with different specialties, concerns, and perspectives.As a result, they of course have divergent viewpoints about how resources, rewards, and punishments should be distributed. These differences issue to both(prenominal) managers and employees, and they result in political struggle, competition, and passage of arms within every organization. Political resistance is adept of the great difficulties of bringing about organizational changeâ€especially the development of new information systems. to the highest degree all information systems that bring about large changes in goals, procedures, productivity, and personnel are politically aerated and elicit serious political opposition. . Organizational culture Organizational culture describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and cultural values) of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are make outd by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with s call backholders outside the organization. • It is the set of fundamental assu mptions about what products the organization should produce, how and where it should produce them, and for whom they should be produced. It is a powerful merge force that restrains political conflict and promotes common understanding, musical arrangement on procedures, and common practices • organizational culture is a powerful restraint on change, especially expert change. Most organizations will do almost anything to obviate making changes in basic assumptions. Any expert change that threatens comm hardly held cultural assumptions commonly satiates a great deal of resistance.However, there are multiplication when the only sensible way for a sign to move forward is to employ a new technology that directly opposes an animated organizational culture. Types of Organizational teaching systems finish making is practically a manager’s most challenging role. Information systems have helped managers communicate and distribute information and picture assistance for forethought closing making. No mavin system provides all the information demanded by the different organizational trains, persists and business processes.Organizations seat be divided into strategic, wariness, and operational levels. 1. Operational-level systems run operational managers necessitate for true, accurate and easily comingible information generally used to keep rail of the elementary activities and legal proceeding of the organization. Decision making for operational control determines how to sustain out the specific capers set forth by strategic and halfway management decisions. 2. Management-level systems are designed to lot the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers.Decision making for management control focuses on efficiency and effective use of resources. It requires knowledge of operational decision making and task completion. 3. Strategic- level systems help senior managers with long-range pl an needed to meet changes in the external and inwrought business environment. Strategic decision determines the long-term objectives, resources and policies of the organization. Decisions at every level of the organization can similarly be classified as unstructured, structured and semi-structured. uncrystallised decisions involve judgment, evaluation, and insight into the conundrum definition. They are novel, important, and nonroutine. • structured decisions are routine • Semi-structured decisions involve cases where only bureau of the problem can be answered by an real procedure. Modern information systems have been most happy with structured, operational and management control decisions. But now most of the exciting applications are occurring at the management knowledge and strategic levels where problems are either semi-structured or unstructured.TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Following are the different types on information systems that gage the ineluctably of the organization: decision maker information systems (EIS), Decision sustentation systems (DSS), Management Information Systems(MIS), and Transaction Processing Systems (TPS). A. Executive information systems (EIS) provide top management with raise plan of attack to a variety of summarized company info a come throughst a background of general information on the industry and the economy at large.ESS provides a generalise computing and communications environment for senior managers at the strategic level of the organization. Top management of any organization need to be fitted to surmount the cognitive process of their company and of its motley units, assess the opportunities and threats, and develop strategic directions for the company’s future. Executive information systems have these characteristics: 1. EIS provide immediate and easy vex to information reflecting the key success factors of the company and of its units. 2. User-seductive” in terfaces, oftenmagazines(prenominal) as color graphics and video, allow the EIS drug user to grasp trends at a glance. Users’ time is at a high premium here. 3. EIS provide access to a variety of entropybases, both internal and external, by a uniform interface — the fact that the system consults multiple databases should be transparent to the users. 4. Both current status and projections should be available from EIS. It is frequently preferred to investigate different projections; in peculiar(prenominal), planned projections whitethorn be compared with the projections derived from actual results. . An EIS should allow easy orient to the prefaces of the particular user or group of users (such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the chief administrator’s cabinet or the corporate board). 6. EIS should offer the capability to â€Å"drill great deal” into the data: it should be possible to see progressively detailed the summaries. Critical Success factors for achieving a winning EIS 1. A committed and informed executive shit. A top level executive, preferably the CEO, should serving as the executive sponsor of the EIS by encouraging its implementation. 2. An operating sponsor.The executive sponsor will most apt(predicate) be too busy to devote much time to implementation. That task should be given to whatsoever other top-level executive, such as the executive vice-president. The operating sponsor works with both the user executives and the information specialists to examine that the work gets done. 3. Appropriate information services staff. Information specialists should be available who understand not only the information technology but also how the executive will use the system. 4. Appropriate information technology.EIS implementers should not get carried away and incorporate un requirement ironware or software. The system must be unplowed as simple as possible and should give the executive exactly what him or her regards- nu ll more and nothing less. 5. Data Management. It is not sufficient to simply peril data or information. The executive should have some idea of how current the data is. This can be accomplished by identifying the day and ideally the time of the day the data was entered. The executive should be able to follow data analysis. . A clear plug into to business objectives. Most successful EISs are designed to solve specific problems or meet needs that can be addressed with information technology. 7. Management of organizational resistance. When an executive resists the EIS, efforts should be taken to gain support. A good strategy is to identify a single problem that the executive faces and then apace implement an EIS, use prototyping to address that problem. Care must be taken to select a problem that will enable the EIS to make a good showing. . Management of the spread and evolution of the system. Experience has sh deliver that when high-level management begins receiving information f rom the EIS, lower level managers want to receive the same output. Care must be taken to add users only when they can be given the attention they need. B. Management information systems (MIS) †serve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and, in some cases, with online access to the organization’s current performance and diachronic records.Typically, they are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS primarily serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. Generally, they depend on underlying action bear on systems for their data C. Decision support systems (DSS), is a type of MIS expressly real to support the decision-making process in non-routine task. DSS assist middle managers with analytical decisions, and able to address semistructured problems drawing on both internal and external sources of data 1.It is an synergistic computer-based system intended to help managers retrieve, summarize, analyze decision relevant data and make decisions. 2. DSS facilitate a dialogue amidst the user, who is considering alternative problem solutions, and the system, with its underlying models and access to the database. 3. DSS are interactive, and in a typical session, the manager using a DSS can survey a number of possible â€Å"what if” scenarios by using a model or a assumption of a real life system. Two study categories of DSS 1. Enterprise-wide DSS are linked to large, data warehouse and serve many managers in a company.Enterprise wide DSS can range from fairly simple systems to complex data intensive and analytically sophisticated executive information system. 2. Desk-top DSS such as spreadsheets, accounting and financial models can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Another DSS tool, simulation, is usually implemented in desktop packages. D. Transaction processing systems (TPS) is the core of IT applications in busine ss since it serves the operational level of the organization by recording the daily transactions necessary to conduct business.Most mission- critical information systems for both large and small organizations are essentially transaction processing systems for operational data processing that is needed, for example, to enter customer orders and to produce invoices and payroll checks. This system keeps track of money paid to employees, generating employee paychecks and other reports. A emblematical representation for a payroll TPS Typical applications of TPS there are five functional categories of TPS: gross sales/marketing, manufacturing/ toil, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry.Within each of these major functions are subfunctions. For each of these subfunctions (e. g. , sales management) there is a major application system. [pic] The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS is primarily a telephone receiver of data from lower-level systems. Systems from a Functional Perspective thither are four major functional areas in an organization: sales and marketing, manufacturing and occupation, finance and accounting, and human resources. . gross revenue and merchandise Systems The sales and marketing function is trustworthy for apportioning the organization’s product or service. Sales function is come to with contacting customers, selling the products and services, victorious orders, and following up on sales. Marketing is concerned with identifying the customers for the incorruptible’s products or services, determining what customers need or want, planning and developing products and services to meet their needs, and advertising and promoting these products and services.Sales and marketing information systems support these activities and help the pie-eyed identif y customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet customers’ needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support. Examples of Sales and Marketing information systems are Order processing, pricing epitome and sales Trend Forecasting. 2. Manufacturing and Production Systems The manufacturing and production function is responsible for actually producing the firm’s goods and services.Manufacturing and production systems deal with the planning, development, and maintenance of production facilities; the establishment of production goals; the acquisition, storage, and availability of production materials; and the scheduling of equipment, facilities, materials, and labor required to fashion finished products. Manufacturing and production information systems support these activities, it deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with c ontrolling the flow of production. 3. finance and Accounting SystemsThe finance function is responsible for managing the firm’s financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and other investments, in order to maximize the descend on these financial assets. The finance function is also in charge of managing the capitalization of the firm (finding new financial assets in stocks, bonds, or other forms of debt). In order to determine whether the firm is getting the best return on its investments, the finance function must rule a considerable amount of information from sources external to the firm.The accounting function is responsible for maintaining and managing the firm’s financial recordsâ€receipts, disbursements, depreciation, payrollâ€to account for the flow of capital in a firm. Finance and accounting share related problemsâ€how to keep track of a firm’s financial assets and fund flows. They provide answers to questions such as these: What is the current inventory of financial assets? What records exist for disbursements, receipts, payroll, and other fund flows? Examples of Finance and Accounting Systems : Accounts receivable, Budgeting, realise Planning. 4. Human Resources SystemsThe human resources function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firm’s workforce. Human resources information systems support activities, such as identifying potential employees, maintaining complete records on existing employees, and creating programs to develop employees’ talents and skills Examples of Human resources information systems: training and development, requital analysis, and Human Resources Planning. Management Challenges Businesses need different types of information systems to support decision making and work activities for various organizational levels and functions.Well-conceived systems linking the entire enterprise typically require a significant amount of organizational and management change and raise the following management challenges: 1. Integration. Although it is necessary to design different systems serving different levels and functions in the firm, more and more firms are finding advantages in integrating systems. However, integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions to freely exchange information can be technologically difficult and costly.Managers need to determine what level of system integration is required and how much it is worth in dollars. 2. Enlarging the scope of management thinking. Most managers are instruct to manage a product line, a division, or an office. They are rarely trained to optimize the performance of the organization as a whole and often are not given the means to do so. But enterprise systems and industrial networks require managers to take a much larger view of their own behavior, including other products, divisions, departments, and even outside business firms. —————̵ 2;—- Objectives : At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: • Illustrate the relationship between organizations and information systems • Explain the factors mediating the relationship between organizations and information systems • Discuss the different types of information systems in the organization. • Explain how information supports the different levels of an organization • flow examples of the information systems that are being used to support business functional areas\r\n'