Effect of Height on Velocity | Experiment

Effect of Height on Velocity testExt residualed Experimental InvestigationMOTION ON AN INCLINEDUONG, Phong (Nathan) circumscribe1.0 Introduction1.1 Research Question and convey1.2 Theory Review1.2.1 dryness1.2.2 Forces1.2.3 Ramp physics1.2.4 New slews virtue1.3 Hypothesis2.0 Methods2.1 Safety2.2 Equipment2.3 Procedures3.0 Results and Analysis3.1 Results3.1.1 The devoted go of the act3.1.23.2 Analysis3.3 Error Analysis4.0 Discussion5.0 coating6.0 Appendices vermiform appendix 1 extension 2 concomitant 3Appendix 4Appendix 57.0 References1.0 Introduction1.1 Research Question and AimThe aim of this extended sampleal investigation is to find how gravitational vitality and energising brawn apply on the fiddle gondola cast down the steep do. How does the wild leek reach side affect the hurrying of the elevator car?1.2 Theory ReviewBasically, when a slope has a lowly bung of qualify, the army of brush between the car and the act has keener potency to pr all th e samet the car from moving. When an object rests on a surface compar subject the ramp, the ramp exerts a push called no.mal exp angiotensin-converting enzyment on the object, and this hug is greater when the angle of incline is smaller. The reason for this is that the force of gravity on the car has to be split between horizontal and vertical components. If the ramp is steep, the force of gravity place much(prenominal) easily overcome the force of friction. Obviously gravity bequeath ca phthisis an object on an incline to mint down the slope faster than a flat slope.1.2.1 staidnessGravity acts vertically downwards, and the body during its free fall is accelerated cod to the force of gravity. A body moving upward is under freeing negative accele proportionalityn, or deceleration, as its bucket a pertinacious falls and it momentarily comes to rest at the lastest point of its advance where its velocity becomes zero collect to retardation hold ined by the opposing for ce of gravity. As the gravity attachs the start of an object during its free fall and decreases the motion of an object as it travels in an upward bearion.1.2.2 ForcesAll moving objects adopt a type of zip called kinetic free might (Ek) as wellnessy as the capableness energy (PE) which stored in an object. These twain forces have the latent to do work and gravity gives potential energy to object whereas kinetic energy of an object depends moreover upon its mass and its speed. The formula for potential energy due to gravity isPE=mgh. As the object gets surrounding(prenominal) to the ground, its potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy amplifications. The difference in potential energy is oppose to the difference in kinetic energy.1.2.3 Ramp physicsA ramp works like this devoted plane, the steeper the ramp the colossal the amount of the sliding force. , when the ramp is (vertically) only the sliding component is unexpended and equals the weight force. On the some former(a) extreme (the ramp is horizontal) the sliding force vanishes and only the component of the normal force is left.1.3 HypothesisIt is hypothesised that as the angle of the ramp add-ons the speed of the car travels get out alike profit which takes in fiddlinger eon for the car to travel down the ramp. This is predicted according to the theory of gravitational potential energy converting to kinetic energy.2.0 Methods2.1 SafetyMust handle the give affiliation with c ar as it could cause injuries if it drops on the lower bodies (legs, knees, footsetc.) as well as the ramp because they argon quite heavy.2.2 EquipmentRetort stand For the ramp to rest on, to increment the prime of theramp point to any round topRamp- for the take on car to roll downStop watch- to time the shirk car ( uprises and finishes)Note book- to record the ensues onMeasurements tape-to measure out 1 metre on the rampChalk- To mark the starting points and finish lines2.3 Procedures1. specialize out equipment as headn in the plat. 2. wiretap up the height at the start line (the articulationmit of the ramp) is 30 cm using the metre stick. 3. Ensure in that respect be no extra weights attached to thetoy car. 4. Hold the toy car with its front touching the start line. 5. Simultaneously start the stop quantify and release the toy car (bec arful not to push it or exert any extra force on it).6. Stop the clock when the front of the toy car reaches the finish line. 7. Record the time interpreted for the toy car to reach the finish, next to the applicable height, in a table. 8. Repeat from measuring stick 4 four times so you end up with phoebe bird results for the said(prenominal) height then continue onto measurement 9. 9. Add all these results together and divide the answer by five to obtain the average time. 10. Record this average in the table. 11. By placing much books underneath the raised end of the ramp, increase the height at the summit by 10cm. Use the metre stick to check 12. Repeat from step 4 until you have obtained results for height from 30cm through to 50cm3.0 Results and Analysis3.1 ResultsThe average time for contrastive heights and distanceRamp Length (cm)Heights of the ramp (cm) test 1 ladder 2 running game 3 examination 4Trial 5Average time (seconds)Speed (m/s)speedup (m/s)Velocity(m/s)100300.790.870.810.850.840.8321.232.5400.680.840.660.670.680.7061.423.97500.650.630.640.640.620.6361.574.8795300.790.780.760.770.780.7761.213.222.8400.670.660.720.650.650.671.414.18500.60.650.580.640.610.6161.545.0390300.720.750.710.740.720.7281.233.433.1400.710.670.720.730.680.7021.283.99500.640.590.590.610.580.6021.55.153.1.1 The inclined angle of the rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Angle of inclination (degrees)3016.74021.85026.63.1.2Figure 13.2 AnalysisThe results show that when the ramp is higher (50cm) the car went fasterdown the slope at (3.1m/s). This is because gravity is pulling the car bang-up down andfriction is pulling the car back up the ramp, antagonist to direction ofmotion. The ramp is pushing the car straight up in the oppositedirection of gravity. The ramp is also pushing it horizontally awayfrom the ramp. The net force (the sum of the weight and normal force)acting on the car is wide enough to render the car to accelerate downthe ramp. If the ramp were horizontal the net force would be zero wherefore the car would not can. So the higher an object goes the more than gravitational potential energyit lucres. When it falls, its potential energy is converted intokinetic energy and since energy can neither be created or destroyed,only converted then it leave alone move at a faster speed.3.3 Error AnalysisThere be many gaps of errors when conducted this experiment much(prenominal) as c arless error, random error, human beings error ( response time) and systematic errors. These are due to mistakes in reading outperforms or careless setting markers they can be eliminated by repetition o f readings by one or two reviewers. Whereas the random error could be the observers position when recording the data and it could spread the results further away to the true measure out which go forth increase in anomalies. The results werent in truth accurate because blood resistance and friction energy wasnt interpreted in to the account, with these taken in to the calculation then it would be more accurate for the speed of the car.4.0 DiscussionThe experiment worked well afterward the precedent experiment, the experiment indicates that if the height of the ramp is excessively high it would not get very progressresults. Assume the results were accurate and the methodworked. Due to human error and reaction time, these results could notbe relied on whole, only if did give a rough idea of how the experiment would have worked. If the conduction of the experiment was to be done again, it would be more accurate by producingresults using the computer system with light gate.T he air resistance was neglected because if the resistance to be present, the results would be decrease but not very much throughout the experiment. The car was suffering from the friction of a ramp, some(prenominal)thing that would seriously affect the car due to it having a small mass.There were certain(p)ly some places where the experiment was lacking in some accuracy and it could have alterd. The first area to highlight is the car, where most of the accuracies were caused. The car certainly had friction occurring in the wheels of the car, and with the surface it was going down. This is one of the major(ip) problem to solve because a frictionless car is impossible, to encounter this problem is to find a better car with better bearings is the wheels and more at that placefore less friction, create less wasted energy through trainheaded and heat. There was also some accuracy lacking areas which couldnt improve either without better equipment. If the conduction of the experime nt were to happen again, experimenting withdifferent surfaces of ramp would be a smorgasbordd. The main problem established in the experiment wasthat the toy car kept swaying to the side, creating a longer journeyand hitting the edge absolute majority of the time. This also could have been caused dueto uneven flooring of the ramp. If the right equipment could be accessed to calculatingthe speed using light gates and determining if it produces theoreticallyperfect results, also eliminating any other opposingforces, such as friction, polishing surfaces etc. (no air resistance) and noticing ifthis multifariousnesss the results.To take the potential/kinetic energy element even further, gestateing into chewy potential energy and account if it works on the sameprinciple as gravitational potential energy.5.0 closureIn conclusion, the experiment demonstrated that the ramp set on (50cm) height at the distance of (90cm) had a greater velocity (speed) and acceleration than other heights . This suggests that the car had a greater velocity and lowest time was because of the precipitance of the ramp that was set on. The longer of the ramp, along with gravity had a ample impact on the car proceeding from the top of the ramp to the bottom. The hypothesis is supported by scientific theory of motion on an incline.6.0 AppendicesAppendix 11 metre (100cm) long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.790.870.810.850.8440cm0.680.840.660.670.6850cm0.650.630.640.640.6295 cm long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.790.780.760.770.7840cm0.670.660.720.650.6550cm0.60.650.580.640.6190 cm long rampHeights of the ramp (cm)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 530cm0.720.750.710.740.7240cm0.710.670.720.730.6850cm0.640.590.590.610.58Appendix 2 illustration 1 Given height = 30 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmExample 2 Given height = 40 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmExample 3 Given height = 50 cm and the length or the ramp = 100 cmAppendix 3Velocity of (30 cm=0.3m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Velocity of (40 cm=0.4m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Velocity of (50 cm=0.5m) height ramp, g=9.8 m/s (constant)Appendix 4Appendix 5When the height at 30 (cm), velocity=2.5m/s7.0 ReferencesSilverman, Buffy (2009).Simple Machines Forces in Action, 4th Ed.. USA Heinemann-Raintree Classroom. p.7.ISBN978-1-4329-2317-4Reilly, Travis (November 24, 2011).Lesson 04Slide Right on By Using an Inclined Plane.Teach Engineering. College of Engineering, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder. Retrieved September 8, 2012Smith, Crosbie (1998).The light of Energy a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain. The University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-76420-6.Feynman, Richard P. (2011).Work and potential energy.The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I. Basic Books. p.13.ISBN978-0-465-02493-3.Is pliableity Coefficient Elastic Or dead?Is Elasticity Coefficient Elastic Or In viscoelastic?InelasticThe legal inj ury grab of motivation for a downward sloping straight line pray make out varies as we move along the prune. If we reckon at the use up hack for kookie wellness Clubs, as we move down the upper fragment of the imply curve, charge duck soup of occupy falls and total measure rises. For example, measured over the expenditure place of $1030 to $960, if worth falls from $1030 to $960 the bell piece of cake of supplicate is 1.92 and therefore this segment of demand is elastic (Ed 1). betwixt these two charge changes, total tax increases from $9,936,000 to $11,088,000. This shows that a small reduction in price in the top piece of music of the demand curve result bring some a larger proportionate increase in the sum demanded for fruity wellness Clubs thereby increasing its revenue.Between the price range of $720 to $840, price gingersnap is whole of measurementary elastic. (Ed = 1) and thereby total revenue is maximized. In the above relevant price level th e elasticity coefficient is UNIT ELASTIC is exactly the same as the part in price everywhere along the demand curve.As we move down the lower segment of the demand curve price elasticity of demand falls below a value of 1.0 and total revenue declines. Over the price range of $480 to $600, for example, the price elasticity of demand is 0.47 respectively and therefore this segment of demand is inelastic (Ed 1). Between these prices, total revenue declines from $10,800,000 to $9,600,000. This shows that a reduction in price in the bottom part of the demand curve go away bring about a small proportionate change in measurement demanded for hot Health Clubs, thereby decreasing its revenue.In conclusion on a straight line demand curve the price elasticity of demand is different at every point along the curve(c) intravenous feeding eventors affecting the price elasticity of demand for gymnasium ranks at hot Health ClubsAvailability of substitutesThe most important determinant of pri ce elasticity of demand is the availability of substitutes. bespeak is more elastic for a unattackable or ser viciousness with close substitutes. If we intent at Zesty Health Clubs, the alternatives or substitutes that consumers can switch to is relatively low. Of course there are few alternatives they could analyse such as considering buying used gym equipment, renting exercise tapes, or even outdoor exercising such as swimming, cycling, running etc. Many consumers would opt getting a membership simply just to avoid the trouble of strong-arm judge in order to buy this stuff and also would prefer a better reliable wellness club when coming to wellness is actions. indeed the demand for Zesty health clubs is more inelastic in which the character change in measuring rod demanded is smaller than the plowshare change in price, leading to an increase in total revenue.It is also experienced that a high price charged has made the demand to be ore elastic for Zesty health clubs. A price of $1,080 has made a contour in which the percentage change in measure demanded is greater than the percentage change is price. This may be due to the fact that considering the current recession, communitys expendable income is relatively low as a result consumers have no other selection than switching to the close substitutes such as in-person health training, outdoor physical activities etc.Short run and long run burdenMost fairs or services tend to be inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. If we take the case of Zesty health clubs we can assume that even if they uplift there price by small margin customers allow for still want to continue or even obtain memberships since forthwith people are more health conscious. They may be faithful to the service provided by Zesty Health clubs and may not consider campaigning to the alternatives available. But in the long run consumers may be more price conscious and tend to shift to its substitutes not necessary been price as the main factor but also due to sensitive competitors entering the market, state of the art gym products available that could be used at home at ease, or even health tip brand-news available daily that is sent to a customers supple phone provided by the network provider for a small charge. These different ranges of choices available make consumers demand shift from inelastic in the short run to elastic in the long run.Share of budget worn out(p) on the productCustomers may devote only a certain amount rather a less proportion of income spent on membership fees. For e.g. if we consider a price change in sweeten which is an convenience product consumers may reconcile little attention, likewise since people are more health conscious these days a change in price of membership fees may not be mat up largely by consumers.However, high membership prices such as $1080 may force price conscious customers to switch to the alternate substitutes. Even stack apply where price is not the main factor, customer may prefer home training, or other physical activities which geld the quantity demanded for Zesty Health Clubs.Necessity or LuxuryThese days consumers are more concerned about their health, therefore the demand for Zesty health clubs inhabit inelastic. Consumers understand that they need to be fit in order to go on good health. As a result if Zesty health clubs peruse to increase prices the burden may not be felt to a great extent on consumers, as a result the elasticity coefficient remains inelastic in which the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than the percentage change in price. (Ed 1).However if Zesty health clubs have really high membership fees this may force the members to switch to alternatives as I discussed above such as personal health training, outdoor physical activities etc. Consumers may not have any other choice but to switch to other alternatives to suit their needs.Assuming that the price per gym m embership is $840, Zesty Health Club will be able to generate total pull ahead of $9,323,200. If Zesty health club decides to reduce its membership price from $840 to $720, they would be able to obtain a profit of $8,622,300. If, in case they pursue to go ahead with their assembly line finis they would experience a 7.5% loss on the total profit. Another setting that should be considered is that fact that at the price of $840 Zesty health clubs are face up with a total speak to of $2,168,000, whereas if Zesty health clubs per sue to lower their price from $840 $720, total greet increases to $2,876,100 which is an increase of approximately 33%, which is quite a huge sum. expression at this telephone line ratiocination in a pecuniary perspective it catchms to that the close is not profitable.This business decision should not be solely made on financial aspects other relating aspects should be considered as well. If we examine the table, we could identify that elasticity ch anges from been unit elastic to inelastic. Zesty health clubs may wish to remain been unit elastic because price elasticity is unitary elastic. (Ed = 1) and thereby total revenue is maximized. This is a situation where Percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price. thence, it will be advantages for Zesty health clubs to remain at price $840 since elasticity is unit elastic.However if Zesty health clubs go ahead with their business decision that is reduce the price from $840 to $720 they will be to attract 2290 more customers that is an increase of 16.7%, which makes then obtain a higher market share, however even if Zesty health clubs loses 2290 customers, they still have been able to maximize profits by large charging $840. Therefore the burden is well set off by the maximizing profits.Looking at the above evaluation of Zesty health clubs business decision, I would recommend them NOT to go ahead with the business decision as it is financially no n-profitable and since they would want to remain being unit elastic rather than inelastic as total revenue is maximized been unit elastic.Looking at the above graph, we could foregather that at price $860 Zesty health clubs gets revenue of $11,491,200 which kick downs to the highest profit of $9,323,200. At this price level profits are maximized bringing the highest profit level to them, therefore according to these statistics Zesty health clubs should charge its customers at this price since it is getting the highest profit.Income elasticity of demand is the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good or service to the percentage change in income that has bought about this change in quantity demanded, (Economics for today, Allan Layton et al, second edition, 2005). In this context it is the change in quantity demanded in memberships for Zesty health clubs to the change in income due to scotch downturn which trim back average income.Percentage change in in comeEY is income elasticity of demand, Q1 and Q2 represent quantities demanded before and after the income change, and Y1 and Y2 represent income before and after the income change. (Economics for today, Allan Layton et al, 2nd edition, 2005).NORMAL SERVICEFrom the arrived answer we can assume that Zesty health club memberships is a normal service because the income elasticity of demand is controlling Ey0, the demand and income move in the same direction. Thus, the variables change in the numerator and denominator move in the same direction.Income elasticity of demand is necessary to calculate because during a downturn when the consumers income falls, if the membership is a normal good then the no. of memberships falls. As a result income elasticity of demand helps us to identify whether the impact brings a favorable change of a negative change and also help us identify whether Zesty health clubs membership is a normal service or an inferior service.If we look at the relationship b etween average income of Australians and gym memberships we could see that there is a direct relationship. If assuming the current stinting downturn is not experienced, the average income of Australians would have been stable and also disposable income may be high. This gives the take place for Zesty health clubs to increase memberships or even quantity demanded because since consumers are nowadays more concerned with their health and with high disposable income they may decide to obtain a membership.Now assuming that the Australians are facing with a current economic downturn, which leaves peoples disposable income low, we could see that due to a reduction in average income from $65000 to $55000 p.a. is has resulted in a reduction in memberships form 11,500 to 10, 600. As a result it is clearly identifiable that there is a direct relationship between income and memberships.SECTION B term 1 Chile strike sends strapper prices soaringSUMMARYThe price of pig rose to 7500 US dollars per ton, the highest since August 2008, on trading on the London Metal Exchange.The major cause was attributed to industrial action in the form of strikes in Chiles two largest bruiser color mines. The miners wanted higher pay and better benefits. Many of them failed to show up and prices rose further after the likelihood of a strike increased fears that market come forth will become tighter.The miners wage registrations came as prices of blur rose after increases in demand from China-the worlds largest consumer of strapper. Prices rose over 140% aided by raise signs of economic retrieval, after the recession which reduced the demand of bullshit.Chile produces one third of all copper, therefore these factors, mentioned above, played a major part in the rise of copper prices(a) Three factors that are expected to contribute to a rise in the market vestibular sense price of copperIndustrial ActionAbout a third of the unionized miners failed to show up when their shifts began at 2 a.m. on Monday. As a result, Chiles Codelco Company, the largest copper mining company, chuquicata mine faced with a problem of less write out of copper, as not enough workers were at work mining for copper. jibe to the case study Weinberg added This increases fears that market supply will become tighter. As a result of expressage supply, there will be a leftward shift in the supply curve causing copper prices to rise. Therefore a new equilibrium price is organize and Chiles Codelco Company will charge a higher price at the new equilibrium.Demand from ChinaThe case study explains there is increased demand from china, which is the worlds largest copper consumer. As a result of increased demand this makes the demand curve shift to the right, as China is willing to buy more copper (thus increased demand), which increases the price level, which forms a new equilibrium price.Signs of economic recuperationThe state of the economy can have a significant effect on the demand for copp er. This is particularly true for industrial and to a lesser extent, commercial customers. When economic growth is strong, output from the industrial sectors generally increases. Conversely, when economic growth slows down, output from industrial sectors drops.The case study explains prices of copper were propelled by mounting signs of economic recovery. As there are signs of economic recovery the demand for copper is apparent to increase as a result Chiles Codelco company demand curve is likely to shift to the right. This increase in demand will result in a new equilibrium price, which is higher than before.Considering the above demand and supply plat (Figure 1) we could see that as a result of unionized workers failing to show up when their shifts begin, has limited the supply of copper. As a result there is a leftward movement of the supply curve from S1 to S2, and due to reduced supply of copper, copper prices is bring up causing the price to rise from P1 to P2. This reduction in supply and increase in price has forced the equilibrium price to change. Equilibrium price refers to the point where at any price for which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied is equal. This new equilibrium point is E2 which was formerly E1.If we consider the above draw go out 2, since there is increase in demand for copper from China, the demand curve in the demand and supply draw shifts outward(rightward) to form a new demand curve from D1 to D2. This increase is demand has prompted Chiles Codelco Company to increase prices from Q1 to Q2 in order to balance demand and supply, which leads to increase in quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. As a result of an increase in price and increase in quantity there is a new equilibrium point formed (E2) which was formerly E1.If we look at the above diagram Figure 3, we could see that as mounting signs of economic recovery, the demand for copper are likely to increase. As a result the Demand curve (D1) shifts rightward to form a new demand curve D2. This will cause the price to increase as well from P1 to P2, since there will be a high demand for copper, this increase in price will cause the quantity demanded to increase from Q1 to Q2. The increase in price which caused an increase in quantity demanded leads to a new Equilibrium price, this is where at any price for which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal. The new equilibrium point is E2, which was formerly E1, resulted as there was increase in demand and an increase in price.(c) quaternary factors which could affect world demand for copperPrice of CopperThe law of demand, states that there is an inverse relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity buyers are willing to purchase in a defined time period, ceteris paribus. If we look at this case, if copper prices increase, the demand for copper would fall and vice versa. Therefore the price determinant may affect demand for copperIf we look at the above 2 d iagrams above, (A) shows if there is an increase in the price of copper from P1 to P2, there will be an decrease in quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. However since copper has closer substitutes and is sort of a necessity, the impact may not be large.If we look at (B), it shows that a reduction in price from P1 to P2 has increased quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2. However thinking even though the price if copper is reduced the consumption of copper by consumers may be the same, therefore, they will not demand more than what they consume at one point.Number of BuyersIf there are many buyers of copper, copper demand may increase, which will also cause prices to increase. In this case, Codelco produces almost 1.6 million tons of copper per family to meet its demand. If in near future companies that use copper as their raw material comes up, the demand for copper will increase. Also, if the number of buyers drops the vice versa can happen which is the demand for copper may drop causing pr ices to subsequently dropping as well.If we look at the above two demand and supply diagrams, we could see that in (A) there is increased demand for copper from D1 to D2 this may be due to increased number of companies which use copper as their raw material, for e.g. the automobile industry which produces at large quantities may prefer to buy copper at large. This causes the price level to drop, which leads to higher quantity supplied.If we look at diagram (B), we could see that demand for copper has reduced, for e.g. if we consider the current economic recession, one of the major impact industries where supposed to be the automobile industry, as a result the turnout of vehicles were reduced to a certain extent, this causes the demand for copper to drop as well from D1 to D2. Prices increase and quantity supplied drops from Q1 to Q2.Expectations of BuyersWhat is the effect in the demand when consumers tolerate future changes in prices, incomes or other factors? If e.g. if we assu me the government is going to impose a tax on copper which would raise prices to a higher level, it could lead to an increase in copper demand since they may want to get the benefit of buying it at a inexpensiveer price before the tax was imposed.NOTE This scenario affects demand if only the consumers are aware(predicate) of FUTURE price increase in copper.If we consider the above diagram we could see that if in future consumers anticipate a price increase in copper as a result of a tax which is going to be imposed, this will tempt them to purchase copper at large quantity now, rather than later when copper prices are high. This results in increased demand which causes the demand curve to shift to the right and price increase from P1 to P2 this leads to an increased quantity demanded from Q1 to Q2.Prices of related goodsIf we look at the substitutes for copper, which is a good that competes with another good for consumer purchase, therefore there is a direct relationship between a price change for one good and the demand for its competitor good. Substitutes for copper include, aluminum, zinc etc. If incase the price of the substitutes shot up, the demand for copper may increase since consumers/companies may shift to purchasing copper, also there are circumstances where if prices of copper is too high they may lose it customers, causing demand for copper to drop.(A) (B) 4 other factors which could affect the world market supply for copper are as followsWeatherWeather plays a huge part in market supply of copper. Bad go that includes, heavy rain, hurricanes etc may make mining of copper not possible, as a result the supply of copper is reduced. During periods of heavy rain the supply of copper is often limited, whereas periods of great sunshine enables them to increase quantity of supply.If we look at the above diagram (A), the exact result of a bad weather is illustrated. As a result of bad weather, the supply of copper is reduced from S1 to S2, as a result the price increases from P1 to P2, which causes the quantity supplied to reduce from Q1 to Q2 If we move our attention to diagram B we could see that as a result of good weather the quantity of copper extracted is more which representation that price drops from P1 to P2 and supply increases from S1 to S2 add-on the quantity supplied also increases from Q1 to Q2.TechnologyMany state of the art engineering has made mining of copper much more easier, comparing to nonrecreational wages for 5600 workers, purchasing machinery to get the work done is not only cheap but also the quantity of copper extracted could be more, which means there is increased supplyIf we look at the above diagram we could see that as a result of improved technology the extracted of copper could be increased, as a result the price of copper will be dropped from P1 to P2 thus increasing supply from S1 to S2 causing quantity supplied increase from Q1 to Q2Price Exceptions If Codelco anticipates a substantial rise in future copper prices, this would cause them to decrease their current supply of copper, because they may want to gain the most of this benefit, where as if they anticipate future copper price to decrease they would want to produce more copper and sell it at a much higher price than the anticipated low price.If we look at the above diagram, if we consider (A) we could see that if Codelco anticipates the price of copper to increase in near future, supply is restricted or reduced from S1 to S2 causing the price level to increase from P1 to P2, as a result the quantity supplied drops from Q1 to Q2. If we look at diagram (B) if Codelco anticipates a price reduction in near future, they make want to accelerate the drudgery copper, causing price to increase from P1 to P2 which makes the supply curve shift rightward from S1 to S2, this makes quantity supplied increase from Q1 to Q2 a swell.Economies of scale/Input Costs This is a situation in which average cost curve declines as the f irm increases output. If so happens the demand curve will shift rightwards. There are circumstances where changes of diseconomies of scale could causing the completely opposite effect .According to the case Codelco company produces around 1.6 million tons of copper per year.Another factor that we could consider is the input prices, if input prices are low Codelco can experience economies of scale. The case study shows shoes consequence that workers at two mines, Chuicata and Mina Sur, demanded a 7.5% pay hike. This shows that the cost of production of copper is high. If incase cheap labour is found and cheap machinery, cost of input is less which makes Codelco supply more copper at cheap prices.Looking at the above two demand and supply diagram, considering (A), we could see that, if codelco experiences economies of scale which means their average cost declines as output increases, they will be able to produce more copper as lesser costs, also aspect which could add to lower costs is due to the fact of less input costs as a result this benefit can be turned onto the consumers as well through low prices which is from P1 to P2. cede is increased from S1 to S2, causing quantity supplied to increase from Q1 to Q2.Moving our attention to diagram (B) we could see that if Codelco has high input costs, this may make extraction of copper expensive, since they cant bare all the entire costs, they may wish to pass on some of it to the consumers through high costs, as a result supply is reduced from S1 to S2, causing quantity supplied to reduce from Q1 to Q2

Analysing the cause and effect of Urban Riots

Analysing the cause and effect of urban RiotsRiots are civil disorders that are characterized by intense military group against tidy sum in authority or keeping. Since it is a herd behavior betiderence, umteen people take part and this leads to civil unrest. They usually occur as a run of a perceived grievance which people olfaction has not been adequately dealt with. The are many reasons as to why carouses occur including poor living conditions, oppression by the g overnment, risque taxation, ethnic diversity, morality or differing views of a sporting activity. Mostly, riotings are accompanied by violence, vandalism and destruction of both private and public property. This can also be directed to a certain specific targets according to grievances on peoples minds (Gilje 2).In the United States of America, many riots took place during the Civil War and which saw many lives lost. As years progressed, new types of riots emerged as headspring as their cause. In 1960s, a new pass water of riots cal lead urban Riots came in to being. In 1967 for instance, more(prenominal) than 120 cities in the U.S suffered more than 160 riots.The most notable among urban riots was the Newark riots of 1967 and St matchlesswall Riots of 1969 each of which had various reasons for its push throughbreak. In general though, between 1964 and 1971, thither were about 752 spontaneous riots especially in black communities occurring in 316 American cities. Many of these conflagrations were however exaggerated by the media with only the major ones as already discussed having severe order of magnitude in terms of violence, arson and property damage.In exploring the various causes of such urban riots, many social scientists film advanced different theories. Among these reasons are racial grievances and competition for jobs in the inter-ethnic setups of communities. Further, in a search for answers as to why cities could experience racial riots of alter magnitudes, scholars usu ally focus on broad trends.Mainly they pinpoint the high un meshing rate amongst the blacks which they relate to cities or the whole nation as a whole. But it is evident that they ignore the local anesthetic factors which too may digest more insight in to the causes of urban riots. This therefore led to a number of analysts confining their research on the dismantlet itself and the surrounding heap such as patrol mobilization (Gilje, 10).Based on this concept, it is all essential(predicate) to find the effect of police presence and its effect on the magnitude or severity of an urban riot. The urban riots of 1960s were whateverwhat escalated by the intervention of the federal government. But this should not be misconstrued to imply that local and state place agents did not play any part.Eventually, upon studying a number of riots that occurred, it emerged that police response has a major impact on the nature of a riot. The timing so as to ensure there is not under-response or o ver-response is vital as police presence leave determine the end result.It is also evident from invoice that many of American urban riots had a connection with racism. In many occurrences, such riots were initiated by the whites and were directed to blacks. This trend however changed in the 1960s when the roles were reversed and blacks build themselves initiating urban riots.The most notable of these include the Rochester race riot of 1964. This riot took place in Rochester, New York on Friday evening of July, 24th when the Rochester law of nature Department tried to arrest a nineteen year onetime(a) intoxicated black on a street. The police after having been notified of him responded with a dog and since rumors of police brutality had spread quickly, an angry crowd create on Joseph Avenue.This was fol dispiriteded by violence that lasted for three days leaving a trail of destruction. Statistics at long last recorded 4 dead, 35 injured, 1000 arrested and 204 workshop houses looted. It later emerged that the local, especially the good kids had initiated the riot which the adults joined in later. This was get on fueled by the fact that many African-Americans had low pay and low skill jobs and they used violence to cast their personal grievances (Wasow, web).The Philadelphia race riot of 1964 was in similar manner black-initiated. From August 28th to 30th, the black approach of northeastward Philadelphia erupted as they accused police of brutality. The Philadelphia Police Department had over the years tried to improve it relationship with the black bulk, 400,000 in number, by patrolling the city in twos one black and one white officer. Unfortunately, one black woman, Odessa Bradford, engaged a patrol squad in to an contrast after her car had stalled on Columbia Avenue. As the two police officers attempted to force her to remove the car, a crowd formed and came to the surrender of Odessa.Due to crowd herding mentality, rumors started to flow that whit e police officers had mistreated a pregnant woman and thus violence ensued. The police response took a turn and or else of confronting rioters, they retreated and left the area. Final statistics showed 341 injured, 774 arrested and 225 stores looted or damaged in the course of three days. The urban riots left the North Philadelphia city without many vital businesses as many businessmen never returned.All in all, there were other urban riots which started collectible to racial segregation circumstances through out the 1960s. Their cause and eventual destruction of both property and live had similar characteristics as the already discussed ones. These include Watts Riots in 1965, Hough Riots in 1966, Racial Tension in Omaha in 1966, Newark riots in 1967, Chicago Riots in 1968 and the 1969 North 24th Street Riot in Omaha. One thing that made these urban riots among many others to stand out is the large number of participants as well as the effects they finally caused. Statistics howe ver show that despite the escalation of black-initiated urban riots in the 1960s, the number of occurrences declension at the turn of the decade.Government commissions that were formed to seek the cause of the riots indicated that majority of riots in the 1960s and early 1970s were due to racial grievances and deprivation. A commission that presented the Kerner Commission Report indicated that these riots were an aftermath of prior white dissimilitude of blacks and hence was unavoidable.Between 1970s and 1980s urban riots continued in many American cities albeit marked with less and less casualties like in the sixties. However, this did not remain for long since in 1992, a significant form of riots broke out in Los Angeles. These riots which started on April 29, were as a result of a beating Rodney King, a motorist, received in the hand s of Los Angeles Police Department officers.The prelude can be traced back to marchland 3, when King and two passengers were driving on Foothill h ighway. Upon being stopped they refused moreover chose to speed of under what transpired to be a high speed get across by traffic cops. The presence of five LAPD officers made the case worse since they had beaten King with batons on his arrest. This was in contrary to a exposure shot in this event which showed that LAPD officers continued to beat King instead of cuffing him as was in law. The also accused him of having been under influence of phencyclidine which later test proved untrue.The video which had been shot by a neighbor as he witnessed the beatings became a focal point in the media after presentation in the court case. The five LAPD officers were charged with irreverence and use of excessive force. This was not however to be as some influential whites doctored the case as it was about to come for deliberation. They then proceeded to direct the LAPD officer of assault and use of force but one. This ruling as it was heavily publicized by the media drew mixed reaction even from the president.After the verdicts, riots began in Los Angeles and continued to escalate despite the presence of field of study Guard, the Army and the Marines. Over the next few days numerous acts of violence and looting were recorded as well as personal participation among the law enforcers, the blacks and the whites. They included beatings received by Reginald Denny, a white transport driver by blacks an incident recorded live on television. This was followed by Fidel Lopez severe beating and possible killing of him though he was rescued.The insurgent and third day too were marked by widespread riots and vast destruction even after law enforcers numbers were increased. Many important American figures were also drawn in to numerous debates as well as begging for end of hostilities. Order started to flow back from the one-fourth day but not after massive destruction in the city had occurred. The final statistics recorded 53 dead, 2,000 injured, material loss of almos t $ 1 billion, and over 3,000 arson cases destroying more than one thousand buildings.The factors that led to Los Angeles riots were cited including a fatal shooting of a black teenager by a Korean American. Others included cultural differences, high unemployment among the residents of Central Los Angeles due to recession and poverty. Sociologists on their part cited disparity in economic reaping as a cause which led to powerlessness and frustration among urban dwellers.In conclusion, riots have continued to wreck havoc on the ships company and the general order of things. From the many instances that have been recorded in history it is clear that they have causes and if dealt with properly, urban riots can be avoided. The government must(prenominal) therefore put in measures to ensure there is equal employment opportunity for all people regardless of their racial background. Social institutions which campaign unity and shun segregation also need to be further in order to avoid urban riots (Dreier 52).

Banking Structures and Regulation in the UK

positing Structures and Regulation in the UKPart 1 chamfer Structure and Regulation in the UKThe uks blasphemeing arranging go unders into the restricted cosmopolitan category beca practise banks are discouraged from owning commercial concerns. It is made up of commercial banks consisting of the big bang uk banks, HSBC (Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation), the Royal Bank of Scotland group, HBOS (Halifax Bank of Scotland) and Barclays, with score 1 capital in 2005 ranging from $35 meg (HSBC) to $19 billion (Barclays) and the group together with about a dozen or so former(a) major banks including Lloyds-TSB ($ 2.5 billion), abbey national, standard chartered and Alliance and Leicester ($ 2.5 billion). The big four, and nearly of the other banks, engage in retail, wholesale and investment banking, and some get to insurance subsidiaries. By the turn of the century, mevery of the traditional English merchandiser had been bought by foreign concerns, beginning with Deutsche s purchase of Morgan Gren cut out bank in 1988. Kleinwort Benson was bought by Dresdner, and the Warburgs by the union bank of Switzerland. Barings having collapsed in 1995 was bought by ING, but later closed.Some expression societies converted to banks following the make societies cultivate as,1986. Effective January 1987, the Act allowed construction societies to convert to bank plc status, to be supervised by bank of England and protected from hostile take everyplace for five years. Most of the top decennium (by the size) structure societies in 1986 had, by the sensitive century, dign up their mutual status. The early conversions were Abbey National (1989), Bristol and west, Cheltenham and Gloucester (1992 a subsidiary of Lloyds TSB). Building societies that converted amongst 1995-7 were the Halifax (after a merger with Leeds BS), Alliance Leicester, Northern Rock and Woolwich (taken over by Barclays in 2000). Birmingham Midshires was purchased by the Halifax in 1999 Bradford Bingly converted in 2000.Building societies charter a long history in British retail finance. appendage of the a community paid subscriptions, and once on that point was enough funding, a selection procedure determined the member who would receive silver for field purchase or building. In 1945 permanent societies began to form, members kept a theatrical role a (deposit) bill at a society and could, after stream of metre, expect to be granted a owe. Over time, depositor and mortgages were not unavoidably from the same group.As mutual organisation, every customer (depositor or borrower) has a share in the society, with the right to vote on key managerial change. Each vote carriesthe same weight, independent of the size of deposit mortgage or loan.In 1984, an informal but active cartel linking the building societies dissolved after Abbey National broke ranks,(2008 Abbey bank merger with European bank Santander) by the time, some of the bounteous societies viewed the big four and other banks as their main competitor. The Building Societies Act (1986) took effect in January 1987, and allowed building societies to offer a full range of retail banking run normal of a bank. The Act stipulate the fiscal activities a building society could undertake, namelyOffering a money transmission service by sound out books and assign cards.Personal loans, unsecured.Foreign currency exchange.Investment caution and advice.Stock broking.Provision and underwriting of insurance,Expansion into other Eu states.Real landed estate services.However, on that point important restrictions 90% of the building societys asset had to be resident mortgage, and wholesale money plus deposit could not scoop 20% of liabilities, subsequently raised to 40% then 50%.In 1986 act also gave these organisations the option of converting to bank status and as a results, the calculate of building societies fell dramatically as table1.1 showsThe investment banking industry is henpecked by major us and European banks including Goldman sachs, Morgen Stenly, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, uBS, Deutsche bank and credit Suisse. In additions the main uk banks also clear investment banking subsidiaries (e.g. Barclays Capital). There are hardly a(prenominal) independent uk merchant banks as most have been acquired by foreign investment and commercial banks.Recent Changes in Retail banking structureTo endure in the retail markets, bank have traditionally required an long branch ne dickensrk. However, technological developments in dismantleicular the growth in change teller machine (ATM) networks, phone/internet banking, mobile phones and interactive digital television have enabled a peeled type of bank to push through that does not need branches to conduct dividing line. In uk the pioneer was first Direct, which began as a telephone bank in 1989 and is an operation of HSBC, one of the large clearing banks. By 2002 First Direct had around 1 trillion customer and offered a full range of retail bank services, from cheque bets to personal loans. Over half of the customers First Direct regularly use internet to access their account. Most of the other established banks in the uk have followed the lead of HSBC and started up a remote banking service that allows customers to access their account using the telephone, internet or mobile phone. The british Bankers association (2002) describe that, in 2001, one third of all bank accounts were accessed through the telephone or internet. Of these remote relationss, it is the internet that now dominates, accounting for 167 million transaction in 2001 compared with 127 million telephone transactions. In late 1980s poetry of branch compensated because of technology founding. the introduction of ATMs (at the branch and remote location grew signifi ignoretly. there was also a substantial growth in electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals from 4,640 in 1993 to 8,984 in 1997 nurture reflecting the trend to supplement tradition with new-fashioned distribution channels. These terminals are set in retail stores, shopping centres , petrol stations and so on.That fulfill credit and debit cards hires. The physique of such terminals is believed to have exceed 11000 by 2004. Some of the banks proved pay-in machines out side the banks branches for 24/7. The originator for shifts from branches to other means of monetary service firms desire to improve operational efficiency as salubrious as customers increasing demands to access banking services outside traditional hours.As the banks and building societies branches fall rapidly the unemployment increase. The fall in ply employed is bad-temperedly noticeable for retail banks (it fell by round 75,000 among 1990 and 1996), although retail bank employment increased from then onwards by over 45,000 to r separately just over 346000 by the of 2004. But from early 2008 to 2009 many branches closed becau se of recession (banking crisis), and by 2010 RBS plc will closed 300 more than branches, in results 3,500 bank staff will become jobless. The increased in employment after 1996 is due to building societies conversion to bank plc. In addition there has been a substantial increase in employment by foreign banks since 1996 up to 2001 reflecting the booming capital markets activity of foreign owned investment banks in London.The graph shows that all the main banks have maintained relatively motionless staff levels in recent years. It should noted that RBS acquired NatWest in 2000, large decline in NatWest is mirror by the increased at Royal Bank of Scotland. In 2004 330,700 staff were employed by Major Bank British Groups. Interesting to note that 63 per cent were female, of whom 76,300 were employed as part time worker. Throughout the 1995 there has been a gradual increase in the number of part time employed in the banking sector in the first place in retail banking sector. Again the general decline in aggregate employment in the banking sector and the increase in part time employment, are indicators of the banks desire to improve their operating efficiently.Recent development in the uk financial carcass.There has been a tremendous change in the uk financial system since the early 1980s. The change that have been taken place can be analysed in a systematic way. This analyse adapted from Llewellyn (19985, 1991), provides a framework for assessing and interpreting the more specific discussion of event in financial market.Some of the main force leading to the modification of any financial system are.Change in the market environment.Change in the portfolio preferences of user of financial mediation services.Change in the preference of and constraints on the providers of financial intermediation services.The interaction of these forces produces financial innovation, which is essentially the development of new financial instruments and techniques of financial i ntermediation, and structural change in the financial system with appearance of new financial markets and change in the organisation and behavior of institutions.Over the postwar detail up to the end of the 1960s the uk financial system was characterised by strict demarcation between the various types of financial insititusions. So banks provides banking services and building societies provides housing finance services. As a consequence there was also little competition between the contrasting types of institution. There was also little competition within a particular financial markets as, for example, banks and building societies operated cartels which set interest rates. Similarly within memory board markets, restrictive practise, in particular the existence of minimum non negotiable commission, had the effect of reducing competition. In 1971 reform of the banking system, through a package of rhythm know as competition and credit control, led to the removal of the banking sys tem cartel and greater competition within the industry. However, most of the deregulation of the financial system occurred after 1980, with the aim of introducing greater competition, alongside this deregulation there was a parallel trend to tighten up the prudential intermediation services. In 1980 controls on banking lending were abandoned, leaving banks separated to expand into new areas and one areas which was targeted was housing finance. Banks therefore entered into competition with building societies. Which led to building societies abandoning their cartel arrangement, and in 1986 to the building societies act, which relaxed to some extent, the constraints imposed on building societies.Competition in uk banking the Cruickshank propoundThe terms of reference for the enquiry were to adjudicate innovation, competition and efficient in the retail banking industry in the uk, to seem how these compared with international standards and to consider options for change. The enquir y team reported in process 2000(Cruickshank 2000).The report identifies that banks are treated distinguishablely from other industries in many respects, including high regulatory barriers to entry and diluted exposure to competition law. This supernumerary treatment is likely to be the result of an informal contract between government and banks, designed to tolerate confident in the banking system. However the report argues that this special treatment of the industry has allowed banks to escape the rigours of effective competition. This conclusion is support by reference to the fact that the return on equity for uk banks is well in excess of their cost of capital. The three areas of retail banking investigated in erudition were, the payment system services to personal customers (current accounts, saving products, personal loans, mortgages and credit cards) and services to small and medium- surface businesses (current accounts and external finance).Competition troubles were fou nd in each area. However, the report noted that, as a result of new entrants into the market for the supply of services to personal customers, competition is increasing and scathes should fall in the future. The most severe competition problems were found in the payments services and as the current account is one of the main products provided to retail and small business customers, restrictions in payments services have an impact on other retail banking markets. The uk payments system consists of a series of unregulated networks (such as the bankers automated clearing services and ATM networks) mostly controlled by the main banks. Access to the system is restricted to banks or similar institutions. This clearing creates barriers to entry and therefore stifles innovation and competition. The Cruickshank committee recommended the establishment of a payments system regulator with power to deliver competitive outcomes. The government has instead proposed that the office of fair trading (OFT) be given new power to promote competition in payment system.The Cruickshank reviews also concluded that the supply of banking services to small and medium sized business was less competitive than the supply to personal customers. The market is more concentrated and has higher barriers to entry. As a consequence the government referred the problem to the competition commission. The competition commission confirmed that a complex monopoly exists in the supply of banking services to small and medium- sized business(competition commission 2002). It recommended a number of measures to reduce restrictive practices, including allowing small business customer to switch account to other banks quickly and with minimum cost.VSA Banking Structure and RegulationThe central bank and bank supervisory function in the VSA have evolved to create a VS banking and financial structure which, by the late 20th century, was notably different from those in other western countries. Several factors exp lain its unique structure. First VS regulators have been far more inclined to seek statutory remedies in the event of a new problem, resulting in a plethora of legislation. scrap the protection of small depositors has been considered an important objective since the 1930s. Third, concern about potential collusion among banks and between banks and regulators has received as much weight in the VSA as measures were put in place to preserve the stability of the banking system. However, two important financial reforms could result in gradual but major change in the structure of VS banking over the first decade of the new century.The mostPART 21 CALL OPTIONA OPTION that give the HOLDER the right but not the debt instrument to Buy a stated quantity of the underlying instrument at a specified monetary value on or with in a predetermined period of time.1.1 PuT OPTIONA OPTION that give the HOLDER the right but not the obligation to Sell a stated quantity of the underlying instrument at a s pecified price on or within a predetermined period of time.CALL OPTIONSo= 3.00 X = 3.25Period until maturity = 1 yearUpwards price at 1 year = 6.00 downwards price at year = 1.50 adventure free interest = 5%T= 0 T=1Uso = 6.00So = 3Dso = 1.50 liquid ecstasy (uso X, 0) (6-3.25,0) = 2.75Co =Max (Dso X, 0) (1.50- 3.25 , 0)= 06xY + (1+rf)ZP.Fo = 1x Y+Z1.5x Y+(1+rf)Z wee a portfolio today by Y(number of shares) in BRIGHT Ventures plc and deposit Z at risk free interest rate for 1 year.at once P.F = 1xY+ZAfter superstar yearIf the shares price increase 6xY+ (1+rf)Z = 2.75If the shares price decrease 1.5xY+(1+rf)Z=06.0xY+1.05Z=2.751.5xY+1.05Z=04.5Y= 2.75Y= 2.75/4.5Y= 0.611111.50.61111+1.05Z=00.9167+1.05Z=01.05Z= 0.9167Z= -0.9167/1.05Z= 0.873P.F = 1xY+ZP.F = 30.61111+ 0.873P.F= 0.96033PuT OPTIONSo= 3.00 X = 3.25Period until maturity = 1 yearUpwards price at 1 year = 6.00Downwards price at year = 1.50Risk free interest = 5%Uso= 6.00So = 3Dso= 1.50Max (X uso , 0) (3.25- 6, 0)= 0Po=Max ( X- dso, 0) (3.25-1.50, 0)= 1.756.0xY+(1+rf)ZP.Fo= 1xY+Z1.5xY+(1+rf)ZCreate a portfolio today by Y(number of shares) in BRIGHT Ventures plc and deposit Z at risk free interest rate for 1 year.Today P.F = 1xY+ZAfter One yearIf the shares price increase 6xY+ (1+rf)Z = 0If the shares price decrease 1.5xY+(1+rf)Z= 1.756.0xY+1.05Z=01.5xY+1.05Z=1.754.5Y= 1.75Y= -1.75/4.5Y= 0.38896x 0.3889 + 1.05Z = 0-2.3334 + 1.05Z = 01.05Z= 2.3334Z= 2.3334/ 1.05Z= 2.2223P.F= 1xY+ZP.F = 3x 0.3889 + 2.2223P.F= 1.0556Put-Call-ParityThe Put + underlying Security price = call + P.V XP.VX= exercise price / 1 + rfP.VX= 3.095Put + 3.00 = 0.96033 + 3.095Put + 3.00= 4.05533Put = 4.05533 3.00Put = 1.05533 obtuse scholes ModelCo = SxN (d1) Xert N (d2)d1= ln (S/X)+ (r + v/2)tV td2= d1 -V td1 = ln (3/3.25) + (0.05 + 0.40/2)10.40 1d1= 0.0800+ ( 0.05 + .16/2)10.4d1= 0.0800 + 0.13.04d1= 0.125d2= 0.125 0.4 1d2= 0.275d1= 0.125d2= 0.275N(d1)= Pr Z 0.125 = 0.8944N(d2)= Pr Z - 0.275 = 0.3936Co = SN (d1) Xert N (d2)Co = 3x 0.8944 3.25e0.05 (0.3936)C0 = 2.6832 3.25 x 0.9512 x 0.3936C0 = 2.6832 1.2168Co= 1.4664

Impact of the 2012 Olympic Games

Impact of the 2012 exceptional GamesASSIGNMENT 1Analyse wizard and only(a) particular fresh event, one series of uninfected events (e.g. The FA Cup) or one pas seuling organisation in the UK. Analysis should cover the events/s or organisations social, ethnical, political and economic significance in the UK. You may choose which sporting event, which series of sporting events or which organisation that you wish to analyse.This essay testament analyse the benefits that the 2012 prodigious Games impart and has brought to the UK.The London 2012 prodigious and Paralympic Games go out recreate many benefits to the UK this essay intends to look at several of these opportunities these opportunities include the schooling of sport, increase in tourism and increase in economic legal action throughout the UK. (reference)Local authorities ar already development the fervor of the Games to spread wider social, economic and sporting benefits to their communities in the run up to the 2012. This result be the basis for a long terminal figure and UK wide bequest from the Games.The topical anesthetic Government Association has worked with local authorities to identify six-spot UK wide legacy benefits Inspiring children and young peck Raising our sporting game and influencing healthier lifestyles Volunteering Championing culture Generating and supporting tourism Boosting the local frugalityMany of these legacy benefits are already important to local communities, and local authorities are working hard to partners to improve performance and easeing legal transfer. The 2012 Games provide a unique catalyst to reach immature groups of people, hire wise partners to the table and help local authorities achieve exist tar bum arounds. (reference)Staging the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games in 2012 is an opportunity to bring about validating change on a massive scale. The Games would not only ply to the UKs nations sporting heritage but lead also celeb rate the change of the capital.It is a unique chance to showcase the best of London to the humanity and would generate huge benefits for tot in exclusivelyy those who live or work in the cityBoost for SportA London 2012 Games would accelerate the expatriatey of new world-class sports infrastructure for the UK and London in particular. For usage, after the Games, the sportswoman Stadium, Aquatics Centre, Velodrome, Indoor Sports Arena, Hockey Centre, Canoe Slalom testament all be lendable for use by the community as headspring as elite athletes.The 2012 Olympic Games is nearly believably to create grand levels of interest from local authorities and business that would most likely bold up gain channels of funding for sport at all levels. Based on the experiences of former host Olympic countries, funding for the instruction of elite athletes in the years running up to the Games would increase. Hosting teams for many months in the first place the Games could also act a s a catalyst for developing and refurbishing animate UK sports facilities. The 2012 Olympic Games will increase the amount of jobs, will provide skills for people and will provide a boost for Business. Every sector of the thriftiness will also benefit from the staging of the Olympic Games. Thousands of UK companies, small and thumping will be needed to deliver the Games i.e., face, manufacturing, catering, merchandise, services etc, creating valuable procurance opportunities. The experience from Sydney showed that New South Wales business won over A$1Billion in contracts for the Games (PWC report), over A$300M from regional companies with 55,000 people receiving employment relate training.The Australian experience shows that around 125 teams from 39 countries undertook pre-Games training in locations crossways New South Wales. This training is estimated to have injected some A$70 million into the States economy (PWC, 2002). This activity commenced as early as 1997 when the Bel gian athletics team trained at Narrabeen.Londons tourism attention will receive a significant boost, not just for the era of the Games but in the run up to and long after the Games. An face of how an area can benefit from the 2012 Olympic Games is the increase in local visitor economy in Dorset, Weymouth and Portland. They will host the Sailing events in 2012. The Spirit of the Sean festival, which celebrates the areas close relationship with the sea, has completed its second year and is dismissal from strength to strength. Last years festival showcased around 50 activities at 27 venues. The festival brings together a range of sporting and cultural events, including water sports competitions for people of all ages and standards, concerts on the beach, the Dorset Seafood festival, the Henri Lloyd Weymouth Regatta and the Moving Tides Childrens Procession. As hearty as encouraging people to be more active and get involved with local cultural opportunities, each visitor to the fes tival fatigued on average of 68, providing an important boost to the economy. Dorset and its partners will be using the councils beacon status to share learning on how to secure a tourism legacy from the 2012 Games with some new(prenominal) local authorities.A London Games would also provide many new learning opportunities for Londoners to train and develop their skills. Thousands of new jobs will be created by create the new park that will be connected to the tidal Thames estuary.Up to 70,000 pop the questions would be required to help run the Games in 2012. This would require the biggest volunteer recruitment drive in UK peacetime, providing a unique boost both to sport specific, and general, volunteering in the UK. An example of this is Kent County councils mystify to secure maximum benefit and long-term legacy from the Games. A key project of the campaign is the Kent event team, which has used Games as a catalyst to recruit volunteers for events and one off sport, leisure and cultural activities across the count. The Kent event team is a partnership between Kent county council and the voluntary sector. unpaid worker Action Maidstone is the lead voluntary sector partner. In its first 18months, a manager and voluntary support staff were appointed, 700 volunteers and 40 organisations were registered and 20 events were supported. These include sporting, cultural and artistic events and festivals. The Kent event team aims to Enable people who are unable or unwilling to make a long term commitment to volunteer on a flexible, one off basis. actualise the voluntary, community, statutory and private sectors to develop good practice in volunteer management with regard to community events Deliver a network of volunteers available for wider community use after the 2012 Games.An Olympic host nation is have by the IOC to stage various large scale test events such(prenominal) as world championships ahead of the Games. In addition, International Sports Federat ions are exquisite to hold world and European championships and other major events in the Olympic host country to enable their athletes to acclimatise with that country. Such events can deliver several million pounds to the relevant town/host city. E.g. Birmingham City Council reason out that hosting of the World Indoor Athletics Championships and World Badminton Championships in 2003 had a positive economic impact of 3.5M and 2.5M respectively. (reference)Creative CapitalCreative Industries is the fastest evolution sector in London, responsible for one in five new jobs in the capital. An Olympic cultural Programme is a major verbal expression of the Games. From concerts in the parks to street theatre, the Games would provide a platform for expert artists in London to showcase their skills to a global audience.A UK-wide Olympic Torch Relay in 2012 possibly lasting several months is likely to involve every major city and town in the UK. symbolize managers, lighting technician s, producers and artists will be needed to deliver the Games. Training programmes will ensure that the skills are embedded within the creative sector for rising generations.Boosting Health and Sporting successHosting the worlds greatest sporting event disposed the passion, excitement and interest likely to be generated would boost Government initiatives to make headway participation in sport and physical activity at all levels.Physical ChangeThe Olympic Games would bring forward one of the largest and most significant urban regeneration projects ever undertaken in the UK, through the interlingual rendition of the Lower Lea Valley in east London. The area has already been identified as a priority by the Government, the Mayor and the LDA. The building of the Olympic park and the different venues has many economic and social benefits which in turn has a positive impact on local communities in London and different parts of the UK. The transport throughout London will be improved in order to smoothly transport thousands of officials, athletes and spectators to the Games. nigh of the improvements will be a 1bn improvement to the London East line, a Channel Tunnel Shuttle link from Stratford to Kings Cross, and extensions to the DLR.The development of the Olympic Park would increase the amount of green space, conserve local biodiversity, wetlands, improve air, obscenity and water quality in the area. The park will be ingrained with many different trees and plants. The waterways and canal of the River Lea will be cleaned and make wider the natural floodplains of the area will be restored to provide a new wetland habitat for wildlife, bird gullers and ecologists to enjoy in the middle of the city.The Games would set new standards for sustainable production, consumption and recycling of natural resources. This approach echoes the ethos of Towards a One satellite Olympics, applicable to cities in both the developed and developing worlds.There are many benefits that the Games will have on the UK but one of the briny benefits of the Games will be the building of 5,000 homes following the renovation of the Olympic crossroads after the games. Officials and athletes will stay in the Olympic Village during the Games and whence after the Games the village will be converted into housing for workers such as nurses and teachers. Housing will also be built on the Olympic Park site after the Games, this will provide further amenities for the local community which will include cafes, shops, restaurants etc.This comparison impact assessment of the Olympic delivery authority (ODA) Lighting dodging has sought to assess the likely impact of the delivery of the lightining strategy on the equality target groups. The ODA Equality and inclusion programme, the ODAs equality and diversity strategy and the ODAs three equality schemes covering race, disability and gender equality. The overreaching aim of the ODA is to create an inclusive Games, which promot ed good equality practices and access for all. This mission extends the aims of the ODA beyond these statutory duties to include the newer equality strands of age, religion and sexual orientation and other inclusion issues centred on socio-economic, culture and political disadvantage. The ODA are using a wider range of diverse suppliers, this will help to promote equal opportunities to everyone and hopefully will erase discrimination in the workplace by doing this recruiting and managing employees would be considered as fair. The ODA are working with other organisations to offer training to minority ethnic people, women and disable people to encourage them to apply for jobs in the construction of the 2012 Olympic Games where they have been under represented. The ODA want to create an inclusive 2012 Olympic Games which will be inclusive for all people, ways in which they will do this is by providing a reachable transport network that will allow everyone to enjoy the Games and by in volving the local communities. If all the above is achieved by the ODA then the 2012 Olympic Games will leave a lasting legacy for equality and inclusion.The London organising committee of the Olympic and Paralympic games plan to get women, disabled people and BAME people actively involved in sport by raising awareness so a wider range of people watch the 2012 Games and influencing key partners to train young people in sports volunteering, coaching and other related skills. They will also challenge discrimination in sport by spreading positive messages, supporting programmes that promote equality and reservation full use of the London 2012 Paralympic games to inspire disabled people. They hope that with the beneficial approach that the 2012 Games will benefit everyone.

Teaching Method For Environment Education

pedagogics Method For purlieu preparationAbstr cultivate This penning testament discuss how during command and gain vigoring in environ ami fitting preparation using a neuro-conservation show up is useful to move on participating accomplishment and the educatees expertness to commix fellowship, as healthful as effectively motivate students promote skill curiosity and develop germinal abilities. This study go out focus on postgraduate science companionship students. who enroll for The Environment and Its Sustainability stratum. Students allow for consort in small groups of five, tangled in terms of gender and age. This study pull up s have a bun in the ovens be cut back to orbicular warming issues. The big root word for this interpellation program is kinda broad. At the end of this escort, students will describe how serviceman activity elicit alter humor and the environment. They will study climate changes and how these changes correlate with cha ritable behaviour in relation to the changing earth. Students will generate cultivation ground on their findings and predict future hassles that could make pass if human activities be non changedKeywords Neuroscience cognitive nurture, soul base training, hassle based scholarship, environmental t for each oneing methodINTRODUCTIONMore than 30 years fetch passed since the dis melt down of environmental direction in Malaysia, however expert still go with difficulties integrating environmental grooming into academic programs the classroom. The existing curriculum should not only provide environmental aw beness to students, but to prepare students to act on environmental problems (WWF, 2008) statement is an essential tool for achieving a sustainable future. environmental genteelness is one of Sustainable suppuration agenda keep finished the cultivation system. Various definitions of Environmental Education (EE) call downd by several(prenominal) parties. UNESC O (1999) defines Environmental Education as a micturate of education or bewilder which includes such as physical aspect environmental meet directly and indirectly and interaction between the local communities and the impact of activities in a given time.In Malaysia, the definition of the theory of Environmental Education is based on the definition issued by the Division of Teacher Education (1997) and Department of Environment and the Institute for Environment and Development University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM SUSTAINABLE) (2004). According to dickens of these organizations, Environmental education embarrasss encyclopedism to understand the interaction humans and the environment and how the environment is managed in a wise and responsible to the sustainability of sustenance on Earth. It involves education close the environment to increase awareness, intimacy and ground around environmental management wisely. While the attend is said to involve education ab protrude the environment, through the environment and for the environment. byPalmer(1998), interaction between these threesome components commode be seen as the discover 1. Attempts are now be do by environmental educators to fully beseem interdisciplinary and reach beyond just the apprehension classroom. To become fully interdisciplinary, environmental education call fors to reach out into all subjects Math, English, Fine Arts and Social Studies, to watch over a few. To leave the topic of the environment merely in the Science classrooms is to ignore the interdisciplinary nature of the issues involved with the environment. Students need to learn how to publish about the environment, understand how environmental issues are dealt with in different countries, learn how historically the environment was treated, and the actual mathematical side of environmental problems, equal the impact of oil spills on local ecosystems. There should be a greater fury on teaching about the environm ent, for the environment, and in the environment. see to it Palmer, A model for blending together these components in environmental education.This theme will discuss how during teaching and learning in environmental education using a neuro-conservation go on is useful to promote active learning and the students ability to integrate experience, as well as effectively motivate students promote learning curiosity and develop creative abilities. This study will focus on postgraduate science education students. who enroll for The Environment and Its Sustainability course. This focus age group is chosen because according to neurobiological development, during this post-puberty stage, the mortal is ready to discuss heavy issues of ecological degradation(Puk, 2012)ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA EDUCATION SYSTEMIn the Malaysian school system, Environmental education was introduced through the infusion and integration approach as well as introduced in rele cutting edget subjects suc h as English Language, Malay Language, Geography, Science, topical anesthetic Studies, Civics and Citizenship. It was to a fault infuse through co-curricular activities such as Nature Clubs. The Curriculum Development Centre in the Ministry of Education has also developed and distributed a Teachers accept Book to infuse Environmental education across the base and unoriginal school curriculum. However researches indicated that these approaches were generally not coordinated and not use effectively. Researches showed that till 2005 although Malaysians in general know and realize that the environment need to be take a shitn care of, however most of them are not oriented to translating their knowledge into action.Environmental Education al indispensable depressions every human being to take up the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values necessary to shape a sustainable future. It also requires participatory teaching and learning methods that motivate and empower learners to chan ge their behaviour and take action for sustainable development. Education for Sustainable Development because promotes competencies like critical thinking, imagining future scenarios and making decisions in a cooperative way. Environmental Education requires far-reaching changes in the way education is often skilful today. Environmental Education, is not simply about giving students instruction, but ensuring that education and schools specifically is mobilized to re-orient society towards sustainable practicesENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION APPROACH linePrevious studies have shown that students in primary, secondary and higher education institutions in Malaysia have knowledge about the environment but possess low awareness of the environment (Daniel Shafiee, 2006). Some related literature democracys that, low knowledge and awareness is repayable to failure to appreciate the values of the environment itself. To draw diverse students actively in classroom is to understand and interac t inwardly their unique worlds. Traditional teaching methods tend to neglect active student involvement, and so fail to tap their rich wells of diversity in class. When lessons do not accommodate students touchs and abilities as tools to achieve, learners lose interest and tonus disengaged (Ronis 2008).Some related literature states that, low knowledge and awareness is due to failure to appreciate the values of the environment itself. The problem arises from the difficulty of students to cross the concepts of abstract environmental teaching. Students who do not understand the basic concept of the abstract environment is always looking for short cuts to memorize a concept but did not understand what was said. By just memorizing the concepts, signifi crumbt learning environment does not occur. When coreful learning does not occur, knowledge and awareness of the environment relatively will be low. This opinion is based on the Model of Responsible Environmental Behavior (Hungerfor d Volk, 1990) which states that individuals with high knowledge and awareness of environmental will showed positive behavior towards the environment Hence, environmental education should incorporate elements that promote thinking and problem solving skills. Environmental education also having the difficulty of empowering students into meaningful action, the challenge of using innovative methods, the difficulties associated with values education, and deficiencies in teacher preparation (Thomas 2005).Recognising the importance of the responsibility to cheer our environment cultivated, the Environmental Education in Malaysia education system should be able to function efficiently to form a community that are sensitive and concerned about environmental issues and acquire the knowledge, skills, values and loading to work and act individually or together toward solving environmental issues. Many will have positive attitude and knowledge about the environment but fail to reflect envir onmental values in terms of their commitment towards environment (Kollmuss Agyemen 2002). However, knowledge about environmental issues per se guttert be the only determinant for pro-environmental behavior, other factors also play an primary(prenominal) office staff (SitiNurDiyana Mahmud Kamisah Osman 2010).Teaching and learning approaches adopted in Environmental Education was also engraft to be less effective in generating optimum learning potential of students with learning style p tinctences vary. This is because generally right method is just give priority to certain groups of students in the classroom. Teaching often emphasizes linear information exploiting approach (Lourdusamy, 1994). This method is found only in favor of the students who have remaining brain potential and less able to attract students who are dominated by the ability of the right brain (Sousa 1995). Consequently, only students with specific learning styles benefit from teaching man the others were less keen to learn. When subject areas are taught in a conventional format, they are taken out of their natural context and presented to learners as independent and isolated units. Unfortunately, this traditional format see to its in opposition to the brains natural way of integrating and touching new information (Ronis 2008).According to that problem, then various approaches in teaching and learning have been explored for the designing to raise learning environmental education. Recently one of the areas have been concerned by the educational communities is the potential of difficulty-based teaching with consideration of neuroscience cognitive elements to promote environmental education. Problem-based Learning approach appears to be a potential method to discipline students with sustainable knowledge, since it require action on the ground, to provide students with opportunity to apply their knowledge into practice (Steinemann, 2003).NEURO-CONSERVATION APPROACHProposed neuros cience cognitive approach is one of the qualified methods to overcome problems as described earlier. This approach taking into account relevant aspects of the principle of the brain capacity to generate meaningful learning. With different primary structures (reptiles brain, midbrain/ limbic system and neocortex), the brain requires specific approach to operate at its optimum. Neuro-conservation approach which taking into consideration the emotional climate, teaching strategies and reinforcing strategies hind end enhance the brains learning. The changing nature of the neuroplasticity of the brain may also have implications for lifelong ecological literacy and provides direction towards the restructuring that schooling may require in direct to influence global efforts to deal with ecological degradation. This involves the manner in which internal representations (the content of neural networks) are laid down in human beings during childhood and the resulting resistance to change d uring adulthood(Puk, 2012).Neuroscientists are just jump to understanding how brain development is related to aspect of adolescence such as risk taking, decision making, and managing impulsive behaviours. It is the job of the prefrontal cortex to pick up these impulses through reason, be after or delay of gratification. But the impulse inhibiting capacities of the brain are not present at birth. Research now indicates that it take at least two decades for the biological mathematical processes of brain development to produce a fully functional prefrontal cortex (Weinberger, 2001). Thus spunk and high school students still lack the brain development to symmetry impulse with reason and planning. date 2 visualizes the neuro-conservation approach. The approach integrates principles of brain-based learning and problem based learning. The adept Based Teaching Approach advocates three instructional techniques Orchestrated Immersion (creates a learning environment that fully immerses students in many educational experiences), Relaxed Alertness (eliminates fear in the learners while maintaining super challenging environments) and, Active Processing (allows the learner to consolidate and internalize information by actively processing it). According to this theory, each education should integrate all of these elementsa) Relaxed Alertenessi. The brain learns best in its optimal state.ii. The brains cognitive calendar method influences the learning process.iii. Emotions are critical to the brains patterning process.iv. Learning is enhanced by challenge and inhibited by threat.v. Positive climate stimulates brain function.vi. Appropriate environment, melody and aroma exvite brain activity.b) Orchestrated Immersioni. The brain is a check central processor it able to do multi activities in the same time.ii. Search for meaning comes through brain patterning process.iii. The brain processor works in units and separate concurrentlyiv. Complex and active experiences involving movements stimulate the brain development.v. Learning engages the whole physiology.c) Active Processingi. Learning involves both focussed attention and marginal perception.ii. Learning involves both certified and unconscious processes.iii.Learning always takes locate in two retentiveness approaches to retain facts, skills and procesures and making sense of experience.iv. The brain can easily detainment and remember facts and skills embedded in its recollection space.Figure Neuro-conservation approach modelFigure The PBL learning principles (Based on the works of GraaffKolmos 2003, KolmosGraaff 2007)In this neuro-conservation approach these three instructional techniques (orchestrated immersion, relaxed alertness and active processing) are utilise across the entire process of learning. The integration of these learning optimum state elements is believed to be able to fulfill various learning requirements whilst fostering interest among students to learn. This is due to the fact that the shift from teaching to learning is considered the most important innovative aspect of this educational concept, and consequently, the task of the teacher is altered from transferring knowledge into facilitating the learning process of the students (Kolmos 2006). This approach is expected to stimulate and generate conceptual understanding and motivation to learn, 21st snow skills and environmental awareness among students and then increase their learning potential of a learning style preferences vary.In neuro-conservation approach, the PBL principles suggested by de Graaff and Kolmos (2003) is adopted. In general, de Graaff and Kolmos (de Graaff and Kolmos 2003, Kolmos and de Graaff 2007) summarize the main learning principles in three approaches cognitive learning, collaborative learning and contents (See Figure 3).(1) The cognitive learning approachLearning is organised around problems and will be carried out in projects. It is a fundamental principle for th e development of motivation. A problem provides the starting point for the learning process, places learning in a context, and bases learning on the learners experience.(2) The contents approachThis approach especially concerns interdisciplinary learning, which not only stresses but also spans traditional subject-related restrictions and techniques. It is exemplary practice in the sense that the learning outcome provides a good example of the boilersuit objectives. Furthermore, it supports the relation between theory and practice by demonstrating the fact that the learning process involves an analytical approach using theory in the psychoanalysis of problems and problem-solving methods.(3) The social approach is group-based learning. The team learning aspect shows the learning process as a social act in which learning takes place through dialogue and discourse. Furthermore, the students are not only learning from each other, but they also learn to share knowledge and organize the process of collaborative learning. The social approach also covers the concept of participant-directed learning, which indicates a corporate ownership of the learning process and, especially, the identification of the problem.Stonewater (2005) argues that the best way for teachers to tally learners with the skills and attitudes they need is through problem solving and inquiry learning. Learning should involve the use of inadequately structured problems, problem that provide only minimal amount of information, just enough to picket the investigation. In relation to Environmental Education in Biology, this theoretical background paves the way for the employment of neuro-conservation approach as an innovative strategy for subsequent educational design (See Figure 3).By its very nature, the problem-based approach requires an organizational framework which is similar to research worker work. By first identifying specific focus questions and then proceeding through systematic resear ch for effects, students learn the discipline of logic along with the warmth of mental connection that click, resulting in insight and epiphany. The urgent need for and emphasis on interactivity in the learning process is directly linked to the sentiment that each learner actively creates his or her own knowledge through direct and meaningful experience (Ronis 2008).When students explore information through a variety of different instructional approaches, they often become more fire in and receptive to the subjects they are studying. Because the brain is functioning with greater cogency through these varied approaches, students are able to invest more of their mental energy in learning and thereby commit concept to memory with greater comprehension (Cowley Underwood 1998).Additionally, using neuro-conservation approach allows teachers to help their students become successful in most of these areas, including learning/innovation skills information, media and technology skills a nd life/career skills. Depending upon the PBL scenario, many of the core subjects and themes can also be included. As students work together to define the problem, find and evaluate evidence and reconsider the problem from multiple angles, they develop higher order thinking, problem-solving, collaboration and communication skills. These skills are transferable to all contexts, in school settings as well as in real-life. Research indicates that the use of PBL enhances problem-solving skills and effective reasoning strategies, while increasing long-term student retention and activity of knowledge (Goodnough Cashion, 2006 Strobel van Barneveld, 2009). PBL also has the potential as an effective learning approach in Environmental Education (Clara Vasconcelos 2010). In PBL, scenarios relating to real life are used as a point of departure for the learning process. In this learning approach, the ill structured nature of the problems not only personally relevant to the students, but addre ss timely community issues and thus establishing a well-grounded connection with the learners themselves.PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATIONA neuro-conservation intervention program will be implemented for postgraduate science education students. Students will work in small groups of five, heterogeneous in terms of gender and age. This study will be restricted to global warming issues. The big idea for this intervention program is quite broad. At the end of this experience, students will describe how human activity can alter climate and the environment. They will study climate changes and how these changes correlate with human behaviour in relation to the changing earth. Students will generate conclusion based on their findings and predict future problems that could occur if human activities are not changed. In addition, students will suggest doable solutions to change current patterns in the climate change. The focus will be to create solutions that are fact based and practical. Solutions s hould span personal, local and global changes that could decrease global warming.The program will comprise six lesson (45 slender each) and one theatre trip. The instruction will be implemented inside a period of approximately 6 weeks. The seven week course will be based on the three main phases considered as the compulsory axis in PBL program a) Involvement in the program, b) resolution the problem within group work and c) evaluation of the learning process. A field trip will be organised in order to present the problem within an appropriate context. Prior to beginning this neuro-conservation learning lesson, respondents will be given pre-test of global warming conceptual understanding. This provides the police detective with one summative assessment that compare the repondents growt and learning prior to the lesson experience and following the activity.This study will evaluate respondents motivation to learn, environmental awareness, conceptual understanding about global warmi ng and also respondents 21st century skills.In neuro-conservation approach, teacher needs to help learners build their own problem-solving skill and thinking abilities while teaching the content necessary to apply those skills.. remit 1. Phase of Implementation Neuro-Conservation ApproachPhaseActivityFeaturesPBL PhaseBrain Based Learning PrinciplesInvolvement in the programActivity 1 Class Discussion and Hyphothesis GenerationTask Students are given a real-life problem statement. Students brainstrom and suggest the kind of infromation or data that they would need to answer the question posed.Activate the memory processor system and students prior knowledge to stimulate the transfer process.Problem Design The teacher begins the learning process by developing a real world open finish problem. This problem is related to the unit that is being taught in that it should involve the application of the content skills and concepts covered.Learning is enhanced by challenge and inhibited by t hreat.Emotions are critical to the brains patterning process.Solving the problem within group workActivity 2Field SamplingTaskThe choice of the field site should be based on easy of sampling. The student guide gives the students a brief outline of the bioassessment physical parameter procedures that they will perform in the fiels.Acivity 3 Class conflictTaskEach team will meet and with the help of the instructor, decide what the data they have self-contained may mead to their hypotheses and what information yet needs be obtained.Activity 4Class MeetingTask Students are encourage to discuss and form a plan of action especially in regard to the research lab data they need. Some students may have already done this and may begin actual laboratory work.Activity 5Action Items/ science lab WorkTaskInstructor needs to be available to natter with the students before they begin their work so they have a pass on idea of what they need to do and advise.Activity 6 Class MeetingTaskStudents share information and draw final conclusions concerning their assignment. They begin planning their posters and position bases.Activate the right brain processor prior to the left brain.Alleviate anxieties over accessibility and relevance material.The stage for brain active processingThe stage for digesting, thinking about, reflecting on and making sense of experience utilizing visualization, auditory, kinesthetic in multiple context.Locating and Identifying ResourcesThe second phase, the resources phase refer to the stage when students gather data as well as acquire learning resources and engage in experiences.The brain is a parallel processor it able to perform multi activities in the same time.Search for meaning comes through brain patterning process.The brain processor works in wholes and parts simultaneouslyComplex and active experiences involving movements stimulate the brain development.Learning engages the whole physiology.Learning involves both focused attention and perip heral perception.Learning involves both conscious and unconscious processes.Learning always takes place in two memory approaches to retain facts, skills and procesures and making sense of experience.The brain can easily grasp and remember facts and skills embedded in its memory space.Evaluation of the learning processActivity 7 Final AssessmentTask In this activity, students will be asked to present their posters and conduct a formal evaluation of the posters of the other groups. Additionally, each student will hand in the position paper that support his/her conclusion to the problem.The activity stimulates working memory to summarize the lessonProblem AnalysisIn the final phase, the problem analysis phase, the teacher role is to encourage students to offer answers, hypotheses and reflection that may consist of either unlikeable or open activities inquiries.The brain is a parallel processor it able to perform multi activities in the same time. Learning involves both focused attent ion and peripheral perception.Learning involves both conscious and unconscious processesThe purpose of neuro-conservation approach is to help educators make sense of current research in the neuroscience and the resulting implication for environmental education and science instruction. Research indicates that an integrated approach to learning aligns with the way brain naturally processes and internalizes new information. However, problem based learning alone is no guarantee that learning will take place. Students also need reflection and interpretation to make sense of learning activities and for locating activities in a wider framework of meaning and purpose.,CONCLUSIONThis paper seminally highlights the integrative principles of brain-based learning and problem-based learning that were previously studied independently. The integration of these two theories becomes a basis for neuro-conservation approach. Arguably, neuro-conservation approach is also capable in enriching the idea o f teaching and learning methods based on the architecture of the brain that can be implemented in accordance with holistic learning strategies. To cite the least, neuro-conservation approach is expected to increase the students motivation to study Environmental Education and instill environmental awareness. This will lead to subsequent improvement of their understanding of Biological concept and nourish their 21st century skills.